BibContents.bib
@COMMENT{{This file has been generated by Pybliographer}}
@ARTICLE{Grattarola_BME_1993,
AUTHOR = {Massimo Grattarola and Sergio Martinoia},
TITLE = {Modeling the neuron--microtransducer junction: from
extracellular to patch recording},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = 40,
NUMBER = 1,
PAGES = {35--41},
ABSTRACT = {A detailed characterization of the
neuron-to-microtransducer junction, based on the
equivalent electric-circuit approach, is provided. The
recording of action potentials is then simulated with
the general-purpose network-analysis program SPICE.
Both noble-metal microelectrodes and insulated-gate
FETs are considered. The responses of such devices are
characterized as functions of several parameters, e.g.
sealing impedance, density of ionic currents in the
cell membrane, and spatial discontinuities of the
adhesion process. It is shown that the various signal
shapes reported in the literature can be reproduced and
interpreted in terms of time derivatives of the action
potential. In this way, the shape of any experimental
signal can be interpreted on the basis of a specific
sealing condition. Possible future improvements in
microtransducer design, based on the proposed approach,
are also suggested.},
KEYWORDS = { bioelectric potentials biological techniques and
instruments cellular biophysics equivalent circuits
neurophysiology physiological models SPICE action
potential time derivatives adhesion process cell
membrane equivalent electric-circuit approach
experimental signal shape extracellular recording
general-purpose network-analysis program insulated-gate
FETs ionic currents density neural modeling
neuron-to-microtransducer junction noble-metal
microelectrodes patch recording sealing impedance
spatial discontinuities},
MONTH = JAN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Grattarola_BME_1993.pdf},
YEAR = 1993
}
@ARTICLE{Drakakis_CASII_1999,
AUTHOR = {Emmanuel M. Drakakis and Alison J. Payne and Chris
Toumazou},
TITLE = {{``L}og-domain state-space{''}: a systematic
transistor-level approach for Log-Domain_Filtering},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}},
VOLUME = {46},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {290--305},
ABSTRACT = {In this paper the properties of a low-level nonlinear
continuous-time circuit element-termed a Bernoulli Cell
(or Operator)-are described in a systematic way. This
cell is composed of an n-p-n BJT and an
emitter-connected grounded capacitor, and is governed
by a differential equation of the Bernoulli form.
Although this cell has the potential for application in
both linear and nonlinear analog signal processing,
this paper focuses on the field of input--output linear
log-domain Filtering. The Bernoulli Cell can be
utilized in both the analysis and synthesis of
log-domain circuits. The Bernoulli Cell approach leads
to the creation of a system of linear differential
equations with time dependent coefficients and state
variables nonlinearly related to currents internal to
the circuit; this set of equations is termed
``log-domain state-space'', and can be used for the
synthesis of linear log-domain filters. Four design
examples---including a bandpass biquad---are presented.},
KEYWORDS = {band-pass filters bipolar analogue integrated circuits
biquadratic filters continuous time filters integrated
circuit design integrating circuits linear differential
equations linear network synthesis low-pass filters
state-space methods Bernoulli cell Bernoulli form
Bernoulli operator analog signal processing bandpass
biquad emitter-connected grounded capacitor linear
differential equations linear log-domain filter
synthesis log-domain circuits Log-Domain\_Filtering
log-domain state-space low-level continuous-time
circuit element n-p-n BJT nonlinear continuous-time
circuit element state variables time dependent
coefficients transistor-level approach},
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Log-Domain_Filtering/Drakakis_CASII_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Frey_IEE_1993,
AUTHOR = {Douglas R. Frey},
TITLE = {Log-Domain_Filtering: an approach to current-mode
filtering},
JOURNAL = {{IEE} Proc. Pt. G},
VOLUME = {140},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {406--416},
ABSTRACT = {A novel approach to filter design, based on Adams'
`log-domain' filters, is proposed that yields a truly
current-mode circuit realisation. Adams' idea, which
was introduced in a limited context, is generalised to
permit a complete distortionless synthesis procedure,
which results in circuit implementations readily
realisable using complementary bipolar processes. It is
shown that, by introducing an exponential map on the
state-space description of the desired linear system, a
log-domain filter can be fully realised with
transistors configured in current mirror-type
groupings, current sources and capacitors. Owing to the
mapping, the state variables are intrinsically related
to current, and not voltage, in the resulting circuits,
a fact that emphasises the current-mode nature of the
design. A general biquadratic filter section is
designed, and, following discussion of cascading
sections, a seventh-order Chebychev lowpass filter is
designed. All designed circuits are shown to be tunable
over a two-decade range in frequency while their
characteristics are accurately preserved, even for
biquad sections whose $f_0 Q$ product is greater than
$f_T / 10$. The Chebychev filter is shown in simulation
to possess nearly 60 dB dynamic range relative to 0.9\%
THD, with a cutoff frequency of nearly 5 MHz, using
transistor models from AT&T's CBIC-R 300 Hz
complementary bipolar process},
KEYWORDS = { Chebyshev approximation active filters bipolar
integrated circuits low-pass filters 5 MHz active
filters biquadratic filter section complementary
bipolar processes current mirror-type groupings current
sources current-mode filtering cutoff frequency
distortionless synthesis procedure dynamic range filter
design Log-Domain_Filtering seventh-order Chebychev
lowpass filter state-space description transistor
models two-decade range},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Log-Domain_Filtering/Frey_IEE_1993.pdf},
YEAR = 1993
}
@ARTICLE{Claverol-Tinture_JNM_2002,
AUTHOR = {Enric Claverol-Tinture and Jerome Pine},
TITLE = {Extracellular potentials in low-density dissociated
neuronal cultures},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {117},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {13--21},
ABSTRACT = {The detection of extracellular potentials by means of
multi-electrode arrays (MEA) is a useful technique for
multi-site long-term monitoring of cultured neuronal
activity with single-cell resolution. To optimize the
geometry of the MEA it is advantageous to localize the
cellular compartments that constitute the generators of
these signals. For this purpose, an in vitro technique
for the detection of extracellular signals with
subcellular resolution has been developed. It makes use
of easy-to-manufacture large-tip pipettes, monitoring
of electrode-cell gap resistance for precise electrode
positioning and low-density (100 cells/$mm^2$)
dissociated hippocampal cultures. Negative monophasic
extracellular spikes, typically $60~\mu V$, were
measured over putative axonal processes and monophasic,
biphasic and triphasic signals were recorded over the
soma. A compartmental simulation suggests that
different somatic conductance densities of $Na^+$
(1--10~mS/$cm^2$) and $K^+$ (5--10 mS/$cm^2$) channels
can produce characteristic somatic extracellular
potentials, with a variety of shapes similar to those
observed experimentally.},
KEYWORDS = {Extracellular potentials; Cultured hippocampal
neurons; Multi-electrode arrays; Axon-hillock;
Compartmental simulation; Neuron model},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Claverol-Tinture_JNM_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Rieger_JSSC_2003,
AUTHOR = {Robert Rieger and John Taylor and Andreas Demosthenous
and Nick Donaldson and Peter J. Langlois},
TITLE = {Design of a low-noise preamplifier for nerve cuff
electrode recording},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {38},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {1373--1379},
ABSTRACT = {This paper discusses certain important issues involved
in the design of a nerve signal preamplifier for
implantable neuroprostheses. Since the electroneurogram
signal measured from cuff electrodes is typically on
the order of $1~\mu V$, a very low-noise interface is
essential. We present the argument for the use of
BiCMOS technology in this application and then describe
the design and evaluation of a complete preamplifier
fabricated in a 0.8-um double-metal double-poly
process. The preamplifier has a nominal voltage gain of
100, a bandwidth of 15~kHz, and a measured equivalent
input-referred noise voltage spectral density of
$3.3~\frac{nV}{\sqrt{Hz}}$ at 1~kHz. The total
input-referred rms noise voltage in a bandwidth
1~Hz-10~kHz is 290~nV, the power consumption is 1.3~mW
from ±2.5-V power supplies, and the active area is $0.3
mm^2$.},
KEYWORDS = {BiCMOS analogue integrated circuits bioelectric
potentials biomedical electronics instrumentation
amplifiers integrated circuit noise medical signal
processing neurophysiology -2.5 V 1.3 mW 15
kHz 2.5 V BiCMOS technology ENG signals LNA
design double-metal double-poly process
electroneurogram signal implantable ENG recording
system implantable neuroprostheses low-noise
interface low-noise preamplifier nerve cuff
electrode recording nerve signal preamplifier},
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Rieger_JSSC_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Buitenweg_BME_2003,
AUTHOR = {Jan Reinoud Buitenweg and Wim L. C. Rutten and Enrico
Marani},
TITLE = {Geometry-based finite-element modeling of the
electrical contact between a cultured neuron and a
microelectrode},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {50},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {501--509},
ABSTRACT = {The electrical contact between a substrate embedded
microelectrode and a cultured neuron depends on the
geometry of the neuron-electrode interface.
Interpretation and improvement of these contacts
requires proper modeling of all coupling mechanisms. In
literature, it is common practice to model the
neuron-electrode contact using lumped circuits in which
large simplifications are made in the representation of
the interface geometry. In this paper, the
finite-element method is used to model the
neuron-electrode interface, which permits numerical
solutions for a variety of interface geometries. The
simulation results offer detailed spatial and temporal
information about the combined electrical behavior of
extracellular volume, electrode-electrolyte interface
and neuronal membrane.},
KEYWORDS = {bioelectric phenomena biological techniques finite
element analysis microelectrodes neurophysiology
physiological models combined electrical behavior
coupling mechanisms cultured neuron electrical
contact electrode-electrolyte interface
extracellular volume geometry-based finite-element
modeling interface geometry representation lumped
circuits neuron-electrode interface neuronal
membrane neuroscience method simulation results},
MONTH = APR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Buitenweg_BME_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Maher_JNM_1999,
AUTHOR = {Michael P. Maher and Jerome Pine and John Wright and
Yu-Chong Tai},
TITLE = {The neurochip: a new multielectrode device for
stimulating and recording from cultured neurons},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {87},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {45--56},
ABSTRACT = {The neurochip is a silicon micromachined device upon
which cultured mammalian neurons can be continuously
and individually monitored and stimulated. The
neurochip is based upon a 4×4 array of metal
electrodes, each of which has a caged well structure
designed to hold a single mature cell body while
permitting normal outgrowth of neural processes. We
demonstrate that this device is capable of maintaining
cell survival, and that the electrodes can both record
and stimulate electrical activity in individual cells
with no crosstalk between channels.},
MONTH = FEB,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Maher_JNM_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Palumbo_TCAS_2001,
AUTHOR = {Palumbo, G. and Pennisi, S.},
TITLE = {Current-feedback amplifiers versus voltage operational
amplifiers},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {I}},
VOLUME = {48},
NUMBER = {5},
PAGES = {617--623},
ABSTRACT = {This paper compares the main performance parameters of
the current feedback opamp (CFOA) with those of a
conventional voltage opamp (VOA). To make the
comparison effective, a folded cascode VOA is
considered (which is characterized by similar features
and topology) and the same power consumption was
assumed for both amplifiers. The work confirms that the
CFOA can provide higher bandwidth, albeit at the
expense of reduced loop gain. Noise performance is also
analyzed. Input-referred noise generators are
determined and some peculiar CFOA features, having no
equivalence in conventional opamps, have been
highlighted. It is shown that the CFOA has slightly
lower noise voltage, but a larger noise current.
Simulations are given which are in very good agreement
with expected results.},
KEYWORDS = {feedback amplifiers integrated circuit noise low-power
electronics noise generators operational amplifiers
bandwidth current-feedback amplifiers folded cascode
circuit input-referred noise generators loop gain noise
current noise voltage power consumption voltage
operational amplifiers},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Palumbo_TCAS_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Gilchrist_BiosensBioelec_2001,
AUTHOR = {Kristin H. Gilchrist and Valerie N. Barker and Lauren
E. Fletcher and B. Derek DeBusschere and Pejman
Ghanouni and Laurent Giovangrandi and Gregory T. A.
Kovacs},
TITLE = {General purpose, field-portable cell-based biosensor
platform},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {16},
NUMBER = {7--8},
PAGES = {557--564},
ABSTRACT = {There are several groups of researchers developing
cell-based biosensors for chemical and biological
warfare agents based on electrophysiologic monitoring
of cells. In order to transition such sensors from the
laboratory to the field, a general-purpose hardware and
software platform is required. This paper describes the
design, implementation, and field-testing of such a
system, consisting of cell-transport and data
acquisition instruments. The cell-transport module is a
self-contained, battery-powered instrument that allows
various types of cell-based modules to be maintained at
a preset temperature and ambient $CO_2$ level while in
transit or in the field. The data acquisition module
provides 32 channels of action potential amplification,
filtering, and real-time data streaming to a laptop
computer. At present, detailed analysis of the data
acquired is carried out off-line, but sufficient
computing power is available in the data acquisition
module to enable the most useful algorithms to
eventually be run real-time in the field. Both modules
have sufficient internal power to permit realistic
field-testing, such as the example presented in this
paper.},
KEYWORDS = {Extracellular recording; Portable; Biosensor},
MONTH = SEP,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Gilchrist_BiosensBioelec_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Potter_JNM_2001,
AUTHOR = {Steve M. Potter and Thomas B. DeMarse},
TITLE = {A new approach to neural cell culture for long-term
studies.},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {110},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {17--24},
ABSTRACT = {We have developed a new method for culturing cells
that maintains their health and sterility for many
months. Using conventional techniques, primary neuron
cultures seldom survive more than 2 months. Increases
in the osmotic strength of media due to evaporation are
a large and underappreciated contributor to the gradual
decline in the health of these cultures. Because of
this and the ever-present likelihood of contamination
by airborne pathogens, repeated or extended experiments
on any given culture have until now been difficult, if
not impossible. We surmounted survival problems by
using culture dish lids that form a gas-tight seal, and
incorporate a transparent hydrophobic membrane
(fluorinated ethylene propylene) that is selectively
permeable to oxygen $\left(O_2\right)$ and carbon
dioxide $\left(CO_2\right)$, and relatively impermeable
to water vapor. This prevents contamination and greatly
reduces evaporation, allowing the use of a
non-humidified incubator. We have employed this
technique to grow dissociated cortical cultures from
rat embryos on multi-electrode arrays. After more than
a year in culture, the neurons still exhibit robust
spontaneous electrical activity. The combination of
sealed culture dishes with extracellular
multi-electrode recording and stimulation enables study
of development, adaptation, and very long-term
plasticity, across months, in cultured neuronal
networks. Membrane-sealed dishes will also be useful
for the culture of many other cell types susceptible to
evaporation and contamination.},
KEYWORDS = {Cultured mammalian neurons; Multi-electrode arrays;
Contamination; Hyperosmolality; Osmolarity; pH; Teflon
membrane; Sealed culture chambers; Mold infection},
MONTH = SEP,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Potter_JNM_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Sackinger_JSSC_1990,
AUTHOR = {Eduard S{\"{a}ckinger} and Walter G{uggenb\"{u}hl}},
TITLE = {A High-Swing, High-Impedance {MOS} Cascode Circuit},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {25},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {289--298},
ABSTRACT = {A simple cascode with the gate voltage of the cascode
transistor being controlled by a feedback amplifier
called a regulated cascode is presented. In comparison
to the standard cascode circuit, the minimum output
voltage is lower by about 30 to 60\% while the output
conductance and the feedback capacitance are lower by
about 100 times. An analytical large-signal,
small-signal, and noise analysis is carried out. Some
applications like current mirrors and voltage
amplifiers are discussed. Experimental results
confirming the theory are presented},
KEYWORDS = {MOS integrated circuits amplifiers feedback linear
integrated circuits network analysis noise transient
response MOS cascode circuit analogue circuit
applications current mirrors feedback amplifier gate
voltage control high swing type high-impedance large
signal analysis noise analysis regulated cascode small
signal analysis voltage amplifiers},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Sackinger_JSSC_1990.pdf},
YEAR = 1990
}
@ARTICLE{Yu_JSSC_1994,
AUTHOR = {Chong-Gun Yu and Randall L. Geiger},
TITLE = {An automatic offset compensation scheme with ping-pong
control for {CMOS} operational amplifiers},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {29},
NUMBER = {5},
PAGES = {601--610},
ABSTRACT = {An automatic offset compensation scheme for CMOS
operational amplifiers is presented. Offset is reduced
by digitally adjusting the bias voltage of a
programmable current mirror which is used as the load
of the differential input stage. A 100\% operating duty
cycle is obtained by using a ping-pong structure. The
offset compensation scheme is inherently time and
temperature stable since the offset compensation is
periodically performed with the ping-pong control. The
proposed circuit has been fabricated using a $1.0~\mu
m$ n-well CMOS process. The measured offset voltages of
the test circuits are less than $400~\mu V$ in
magnitude.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS integrated circuits differential amplifiers
digital control error compensation linear integrated
circuits operational amplifiers tuning 1 micron 100%
operating duty cycle CMOS operational amplifiers
automatic offset compensation scheme bias voltage
differential input stage digital adjustment n-well CMOS
process op amp ping-pong control programmable current
mirror},
MONTH = MAY,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Yang_TCAS_1990.pdf},
YEAR = 1994
}
@ARTICLE{Heuschkel_JNM_2002,
AUTHOR = {Marc Olivier Heuschkel and Michael Fejtl and Mario
Raggenbass and Daniel Bertrand and Philippe Renuad},
TITLE = {A three-dimensional multi-electrode array for
multi-site stimulation and recording in acute brain
slices},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {114},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {135--148},
ABSTRACT = {Several multi-electrode array devices integrating
planar metal electrodes were designed in the past 30
years for extracellular stimulation and recording from
cultured neuronal cells and organotypic brain slices.
However, these devices are not well suited for
recordings from acute brain slice preparations due to a
dead cell layer at the tissue slice border that appears
during the cutting procedure. To overcome this problem,
we propose the use of protruding 3D electrodes, i.e.
tip-shaped electrodes, allowing tissue penetration in
order to get closer to living neurons in the tissue
slice. In this paper, we describe the design and
fabrication of planar and 3D protruding multi-electrode
arrays. The electrical differences between planar and
3D protruding electrode configuration were simulated
and verified experimentally. Finally, a comparison
between the planar and 3D protruding electrode
configuration was realized by stimulation and recording
from acute rat hippocampus slices. The results show
that larger signal amplitudes in the millivolt range
can be obtained with the 3D electrode devices. Spikes
corresponding to single cell activity could be
monitored in the hippocampus CA3 and CA1 region using
3D electrodes.},
KEYWORDS = {Multi-electrode array; Protruding electrodes;
Tip-shaped electrodes; Simulation; Acute slice; Rat
hippocampus; Electrical stimulation; Extracellular
recording},
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Heuschkel_JNM_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Blum_EMBC_2003,
AUTHOR = {Richard A. Blum and James D. Ross and Crystal M. Simon
and Edgar A. Brown and Reid R. Harrison and Stephen P.
DeWeerth},
TITLE = {A Custom Multielectrode Array with Integrated
Low-Noise Preamplifiers},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the {IEEE} Engineering in Medicine and
Biology Conference},
PAGES = {3396--3399},
ADDRESS = {Cancun, Mexico},
ABSTRACT = {Multielectrode arrays (MEAs) have emerged as a leading
technology for extracellular neural recording and
stimulation. Their large number of recording sites
promises to yield important insight into neural
systems. As the density of recording sites increases,
interfacing to each electrode becomes increasingly
difficult. Introducing electronics onto the MEA
substrate provides a technique for preliminary signal
conditioning to take place at the MEA itself, reducing
the complexity of offpackage electronics. This paper
introduces a custom MEA system with integrated
preamplifiers. MEA fabrication, cell-culturing, and
electrical performance are discussed.},
KEYWORDS = {electrode, multielectrode arrrays, MEA, MEMS,
extracellular recording, low-noise},
MONTH = SEP,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Blum_EMBS_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Yang_TCAS_1990,
AUTHOR = {Howard C. Yang and David J. Allstot},
TITLE = {Considerations for fast settling operational
amplifiers},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst.},
VOLUME = {37},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {326--334},
ABSTRACT = {The design considerations for fast-settling
operational amplifiers (op amps) are significantly
different between sampled-data switched-capacitor (SC)
and conventional continuous-time applications. In SC
circuits, the shape of the output voltage waveform of
an op amp is of no consequence provided that the output
settles to within a specified tolerance of its
steady-state value prior to the next sampling instant.
This feature allows for an optimum op amp frequency
shaping to obtain a minimum small-signal settling time.
The theory applies to any op amp that is well
approximated by a two-pole model, including the
conventional two-stage and single-stage folded-cascode
topologies. As the commonly used equivalent-circuit
Miller-effect model for frequency compensation has
generally been improperly applied to two-stage
transconductance amplifiers, it does not provide
sufficient accuracy to achieve the optimum phase margin
condition. Therefore, the use of equivalent-circuit
models has been refined to provide greater accuracy and
to eliminate some previous misconceptions.},
KEYWORDS = {compensation equivalent circuits frequency response
linear network analysis linear network synthesis
network topology operational amplifiers poles and zeros
switched capacitor networks SC circuits design
considerations equivalent-circuit models fast settling
op amps folded-cascode topologies frequency
compensation operational amplifiers optimum frequency
shaping optimum phase margin condition sampled-data
switched-capacitor single-stage two-pole model
two-stage},
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Yang_TCAS_1990.pdf},
YEAR = 1990
}
@ARTICLE{Eversmann_JSSC_2003,
AUTHOR = {B{j\"{o}rn} Eversmann and Martin Jenkner and Franz
Hofmann and Christian Paulus and Ralf Brederlow and
Birgit Holzapfl and Peter Fromherz and Matthias Merz
and Markus Brenner and Matthias Schreiter and Reinhard
Gabl and Kurt Plehnert and Michael Steinhauser and
Gerald Eckstein and Doris Schmitt-Landsiedel and Roland
Thewes},
TITLE = {A $128\times 128$ {CMOS} Biosensor Array for
Extracellular Recording of Neural Activity},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {38},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {2306--2317},
ABSTRACT = {Sensor arrays are a key tool in the field of
neuroscience for noninvasive recording of the activity
of biological networks, such as dissociated neurons or
neural tissue. A high-density sensor array
complementary metal--oxide--semiconductor chip is
presented with 16~Kpixels, a frame rate of 2~kiloframes
per second, and a pitch of $7.8~\mu m\times 7.8~\mu m$
for imaging of neural activity. The related circuit and
system issues as well as process aspects are discussed.
A mismatch-canceling calibration circuitry with current
mode signal representation is used. Results from first
biological experiments are presented, which prove full
functionality of the chip.},
KEYWORDS = {Bioelectric potentials, biological cells, biological
tissues, biomedical transducers, image sensors,
multi-electrode array (MEA), nervous system.},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Eversmann_JSSC_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Olsson_EMBS_Neural_2003,
AUTHOR = {R. H. Olsson and M. N. Gulari and K. D. Wise},
TITLE = {A fully-integrated bandpass amplifier for
extracellular neural recording},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the International {IEEE} {EMBS} Conference on
Neural Engineering},
PAGES = {165--168},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a fully-integrated bandpass
amplifier for neural recording applications.
Diode-connected sub-threshold-biased NMOS transistors
in the feedback loop of the amplifier realize the high
on-chip impedance necessary to eliminate the dc
baseline potential of the electrode while amplifying
the neural field and action potentials. The amplifier
has an in-band gain of 38.2~dB, a dc gain of 0, an
upper cutoff frequency of 24~kHz and a low frequency
cutoff of 66~mHz. It consumes $92~\mu W$ from ±1.5~V
supplies and has an input-referred noise of $16.6~\mu
V_{rms}$ integrated from 100~Hz--10k~Hz. The amplifier
occupies $0.082~mm^2$ in 3um features and is being used
on a 64-site neural recording probe.},
KEYWORDS = {Action potentials, dc baseline potential, field
potentials, microelectrode, neural recording amplifier},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Olsson_EMBS_Neural_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Chan_CASII_2003,
AUTHOR = {Chan, P.K. and Chen, Y.C.},
TITLE = {Gain-enhanced feedforward path compensation technique
for pole-zero cancellation at heavy capacitive loads},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}},
VOLUME = {50},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {933--941},
ABSTRACT = {An improved frequency compensation technique is
presented in this paper. It is based on a cascade of a
voltage amplifier and a transconductor to form a
composite gain-enhanced feedforward stage in a
two-stage amplifier so as to broaden the gain bandwidth
via low-frequency pole-zero cancellation at heavy
capacitive loads, but yet without increasing
substantial power consumption. The technique has been
confirmed by the experimental results. An operational
amplifier has been designed to drive a capacitive load
of 300~pF. The amplifier exhibits a dc gain of 87~dB, a
gain bandwidth of 10.4~MHz at $63.7^{\circ}$ phase
margin, an average slew rate of $3.5~V/\mu s$, a
compensation capacitor of only 6~pF while consuming
2.45~mW at a 3~V supply in a standard $0.6~\mu m$ CMOS
technology.},
KEYWORDS = {Feedforward transconductance amplifier, frequency
compensation, pole zero cancellation, two-stage CMOS
amplifier},
MONTH = DEC,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Compensation_Techniques/Chan_CASII_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Obeid_JNM_2004_A,
AUTHOR = {Iyad Obeid and Miguel A. L. Nicolelis and Patrick D.
Wolf},
TITLE = {A low power multichannel analog front end for portable
neural signal recordings},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {133},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {27--32},
ABSTRACT = {We present the design and testing of a 16-channel
analog amplifier for processing neural signals. Each
channel has the following features: (1) variable gain
(70--94~dB), (2) four high pass Bessel filter poles
($f_{-3dB}=445~Hz$), (3) five low pass Bessel filter
poles ($f_{-3dB}=6.6~kHz$), and (4) differential
amplification with a user selectable reference channel
to reject common mode background biological noise.
Processed signals are time division multiplexed and
sampled by an on-board 12-bit analog to digital
converter at up to 62.5k~samples/s per channel. The
board is powered by two low dropout voltage regulators
which may be supplied by a single battery. The board
measures $8.1~cm~\times~9.9~cm$, weighs 50~g, and
consumes up to 130~mW. Its low input-referred noise
($1.0~\mu V_{RMS}$) makes it possible to process low
amplitude neural signals; the board was successfully
tested in vivo to process cortically derived
extracellular action potentials in primates. Signals
processed by this board were compared to those
generated by a commercially available system and were
found to be nearly identical. Background noise
generated by mastication was substantially attenuated
by the selectable reference circuit. The described
circuit is light weight and low power and is used as a
component of a wearable multichannel neural telemetry
system.},
KEYWORDS = {Single unit recording; Neural signal processing;
Low-power},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Obeid_JNM_2004_A.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{DeWeerth_ElectronLett_1997,
AUTHOR = {Stephen P. DeWeerth and Girish N. Patel and Mario F.
Simoni},
TITLE = {Variable linear-range subthreshold {OTA}},
JOURNAL = {Electron. Lett.},
VOLUME = {33},
NUMBER = {15},
PAGES = {1309--1311},
ABSTRACT = {BiCMOS and CMOS versions of an operational
transconductance amplifier (OTA) with an adjustable
linear range that is independent of tail current are
presented. The circuit is analysed based on the
operaion of transistors in weak and strong inversion
and the analytical results are compared with the
experimental data.},
KEYWORDS = {VLSI, Operational transconductance amplifiers},
MONTH = JUL,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/DeWeerth_ElectronLett_1997.pdf},
YEAR = 1997
}
@ARTICLE{Dorman_JSSC_1985,
AUTHOR = {Michael G. Dorman and Margaret A. Prisbe and James D.
Meindl},
TITLE = {A monolithic signal processor for a neurophysiological
telemetry system},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {20},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1185--1193},
ABSTRACT = {A micropower signal-processor IC is the key component
of an implantable telemetry system for neurophysiology.
The bipolar/JFET/$I^2L$ chip uses digital and low-noise
analog circuitry to amplify, filter, and multiplex
eight channels of neutral, electrogram, and temperature
data from unanesthetized and freely moving animals.
Fully integrated continuous-time bandpass amplifiers
incorporate a frequency-sensitive feedback network to
prevent the amplification of input offset voltage. The
system can telemeter data for over 500~h, permitting
long-term neurophysiological investigations.},
KEYWORDS = {Biological techniques and instruments Biomedical
electronics Monolithic integrated circuits Multiplexing
equipment Neurophysiology Signal processing equipment
Telemetering equipment Telemetering systems biological
techniques and instruments biomedical electronics
monolithic integrated circuits multiplexing equipment
neurophysiology signal processing equipment
telemetering equipment telemetering systems},
MONTH = DEC,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Dorman_JSSC_1985.pdf},
YEAR = 1985
}
@ARTICLE{Mohseni_BME_2004,
AUTHOR = {Pedram Mohseni and Khalil Najafi},
TITLE = {A Fully Integrated Neural Recording Amplifier With DC
Input Stabilization},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {51},
NUMBER = {5},
PAGES = {832--837},
ABSTRACT = {This paper presents a low-power low-noise fully
integrated bandpass operational amplifier for a variety
of biomedical neural recording applications. A standard
two-stage CMOS amplifier in a closed-loop resistive
feedback configuration provides a stable ac gain of
39.3~dB at 1~kHz. A subthreshold PMOS input transistor
is utilized to clamp the large and random dc open
circuit potentials that normally exist at the
electrode-electrolyte interface. The low cutoff
frequency of the amplifier is programmable up to 50~Hz,
while its high cutoff frequency is measured to be
9.1~kHz. The tolerable dc input range is measured to be
at least ±0.25~V with a dc rejection factor of at least
29~dB. The amplifier occupies $0.107~\mathrm{mm^2}$ in
die area, and dissipates $115~\mu W$ from a 3~V power
supply. The total measured input-referred noise voltage
in the frequency range of 0.1--10~kHz is
$7.8~\mathrm{\mu V_{rms}}$. It is fabricated using AMI
$1.5~\mu m$ double-poly double-metal n-well CMOS
process. This paper presents full characterization of
the dc, ac, and noise performance of this amplifier
through \textit{in vitro} measurements in saline using
two different neural recording electrodes.},
KEYWORDS = { Bandpass amplifier dc baseline stabilization fully
integrated low-noise low-power neural recording},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Mohseni_BME_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Duisters_JSSC_1998,
AUTHOR = {Tonny A. F. Duisters and Eise Carel Dijkmans},
TITLE = {A --90-dB {THD} rail-to-rail input opamp using a new
local charge pump in {CMOS}},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {33},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {947--955},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes the principle and design of a
CMOS rail-to-rail input operational amplifier with THD
performance of $-90~dB$ which is suited for
high-quality audio systems. A new output stage has been
used featuring an output suing that extends to either
supply rail and is capable of driving a low ohmic load
($32~\Omega$). The opamp, which is realized in a
$0.5~\mu m$ 3.3-V digital CMOS process, uses a standard
two-stage Miller configuration. The rail-to-rail input
functionality is achieved with a new area-efficient
on-chip charge pump which provides the local supply
voltage for the input differential pair. THD levels
below $-90~dB$ have not yet been shown with existing
rail-to-rail techniques. This rail-to-rail input
configuration also behaves independently of the common
mode level with respect to transconductance and slewing
characteristics},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS analogue integrated circuits audio-frequency
amplifiers harmonic distortion operational amplifiers
0.5 micron 3.3 V CMOS rail-to-rail input operational
amplifier THD audio system local charge pump slewing
characteristics transconductance two-stage Miller
configuration},
MONTH = JUL,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Duisters_JSSC_1998.pdf},
YEAR = 1998
}
@ARTICLE{McFadden_Science_2002,
AUTHOR = {Phil McFadden},
TITLE = {Broadband Biodetection: Holmes on a Chip},
JOURNAL = {Science},
VOLUME = {297},
NUMBER = {5589},
PAGES = {2075--2076},
ABSTRACT = {Most pioneering biosensors employ a biological
molecule--an enzyme, antibody, nucleic acid, or other
element--to recognize sample molecules of interest.
Recognition takes place via biochemical binding through
hydrogen bonding, charge-charge interactions, and so
forth. A secondary process, such as a colorimetric
indicator reaction or the amplification of a weak
bioelectric signal, informs the user of the primary
molecular recognition event. A few such molecular
recognition biosensors are familiar as consumer
products, including glucose monitors (enzyme-based),
pregnancy test strips (antibody-based), and paternity
test kits (nucleic acid-based). This article describes
the use and design features of modern biosensors.},
MONTH = SEP,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/McFadden_Science_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Sanchez-Sinencio_IEE_2000,
AUTHOR = {E. S{\'{a}nchez-Sinencio} and J. S{ilva-Mart\'{i}nez}},
TITLE = {{CMOS} transconductance amplifiers, architectures and
active filters: a tutorial},
JOURNAL = {{IEE} Proc. Pt. G},
VOLUME = {147},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {3--12},
ABSTRACT = {An updated version of a tutorial paper (see IEEE
Circuits Devices Mag., vol. 2, no. 1, p. 20--32, 1985)
on active filters using operational transconductance
amplifiers (OTAs) is presented. The integrated circuit
issues involved in active filters (using CMOS
transconductance amplifiers) and the progress in this
field in the last 15 years is addressed. CMOS
transconductance amplifiers, nonlinearized and
linearized, as well as frequency limitations and
dynamic range considerations are reviewed. OTA-C filter
architectures, current-mode filters, and other
potential applications of transconductance amplifiers
are discussed.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS analogue integrated circuits active filters
current-mode circuits linearisation techniques
operational amplifiers CMOS OTA CMOS transconductance
amplifiers OTA-C filter architectures active filters
amplifier architectures current-mode filters dynamic
range frequency limitations integrated circuit
linearized type nonlinearized type operational
transconductance amplifiers},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Sanchez-Sinencio_IEE_2000.pdf},
YEAR = 2000
}
@ARTICLE{Yeager_ElectrochimActa_1984,
AUTHOR = {E. Yeager},
TITLE = {Electrocatalysts for $\mathrm{O_2}$ reduction},
JOURNAL = {Electrochim. Acta},
VOLUME = {29},
NUMBER = {11},
PAGES = {1527--1537},
ABSTRACT = {The proposed mechanisms for $O_2$ reduction on various
catalysts are discussed, taking into account the
possible role of superoxide radicals, hydogen peroxide
and adsorbed dioxygen. Particular attention is focused
on $O_2$ reduction on carbon and graphite (both with
and without surface modifications), the anomalous
temperature dependence of the Tafel slope for $O_2$
reduction on Pt, transition metal macrocycles and heat
treated macrocycles. The latter offer considerable
promise as $O_2$ reduction catalysts combining high
activity with good stability.},
MONTH = NOV,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Yeager_ElectrochimActa_1984.pdf},
YEAR = 1984
}
@ARTICLE{Pancrazio_SensActB_1998,
AUTHOR = {Joseph J. Pancrazio and Bey, Jr, Paul P. and David S.
Cuttino and Julian K. Kusel and David A. Borkholder and
Kara M. Shaffer and Gregory T. A. Kovacs and David A.
Stenger},
TITLE = {Portable cell-based biosensor system for toxin
detection},
JOURNAL = {Sens. Actuators B Chem.},
VOLUME = {53},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {179--185},
ABSTRACT = {A portable cell-based biosensor has been developed and
characterized. The prototype system relies on
extracellular recording from excitable cells cultured
over an array of platinized gold microelectrodes.
Extracellular potentials were bandpass filtered between
80~Hz to 2.8~kHz and amplified with a selectable gain
of either 1000 or 5000. The input-referred noise level
of the system was only $8.7~\mu V_{RMS}$ in the
laboratory setting, reaching only $10.6~\mu V_{RMS}$ in
an outdoor environment, more than sufficient for
measurement of extracellular potentials from excitable
cells. The system also incorporates a feedback control
system for temperature regulation and a 36-channel
multiplexer for selection of up to four output channels
for simultaneous display. Wherever possible, low-cost
`off-the-shelf' components were utilized in this
prototype biosensor design. Using this system,
extracellular recordings from chick myocardiocytes were
performed under both laboratory and outdoor conditions.},
KEYWORDS = {Amplifier; Biosensor; Cardiac myocytes; Extracellular
recording; Portable; Biosensors; Toxicity; Portable
equipment; Cell culture; Electrochemical electrodes;
Feedback control; Antibodies; Portable cell based
biosensors; Toxin detection; Cardiac myocytes;
Extracellular recording},
MONTH = DEC,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Pancrazio_SensActB_1998.pdf},
YEAR = 1998
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Hasler_Midwest_1999,
AUTHOR = {Paul Hasler and Matt Kucic and Bradley A. Minch},
TITLE = {A Transistor-Only model of the autozeroing
floating-Gate amplifier},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems},
VOLUME = {1},
PAGES = {157--160},
ABSTRACT = {We developed an transistor-only version of our
autozeroing floating-gate amplifier (AFGA). We use a
subthreshold transistor to model the behavior of an
electron-tunneling device, and we use another
subthreshold transistor to model the behavior of pFET
hot-electron injection. We have derived analytical
models that completely characterize the amplifier and
that are in good agreement with experimental data. This
circuit is a bandpass filter, and behaves similarly to
the AFGA with different operating parameters. Both the
low-frequency and high-frequency cutoffs are controlled
electronically, as is done in continuous-time filters.
This circuit has a low-frequency cutoff at frequencies
above 1~Hz, and therefore complements the operating
regimes of the AFGA.},
KEYWORDS = {amplifiers band-pass filters field effect transistor
circuits hot carriers tunnelling autozeroing
floating-gate amplifier bandpass filter electron
tunneling device pFET hot electron injection
subthreshold transistor transistor circuit model},
OPTADDRESS = {Las Cruces, NM},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTCROSSREF = {},
OPTEDITOR = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = AUG,
OPTNOTE = {},
OPTNUMBER = {},
OPTORGANIZATION = {},
OPTPUBLISHER = {},
OPTSERIES = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Hasler_Midwest_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Jimbo_BME_2003,
AUTHOR = {Yasuhiko Jimbo and Nahoko Kasai and Keiichi Torimitsu
and Takashi Tateno and Hugh Robinson},
TITLE = {A System for {MEA}-Based Multisite Stimulation},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {50},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {241--248},
ABSTRACT = {The capability for multisite stimulation is one of the
biggest potential advantages of microelectrode arrays
(MEAs). There remain, however, several technical
problems which have hindered the development of a
practical stimulation system. An important design goal
is to allow programmable multisite stimulation, which
produces minimal interference with simultaneous
extracellular and patch or whole cell clamp recording.
Here, we describe a multisite stimulation and recording
system with novel interface circuit modules, in which
preamplifiers and transistor transistor logic-driven
solid-state switching devices are integrated. This
integration permits PC-controlled remote switching of
each substrate electrode. This allows not only flexible
selection of stimulation sites, but also rapid
switching of the selected sites between stimulation and
recording, within 1.2~ms. This allowed almost
continuous monitoring of extracellular signals at all
the substrate-embedded electrodes, including those used
for stimulation. In addition, the vibration-free
solid-state switching made it possible to record
whole-cell synaptic currents in one neuron, evoked from
multiple sites in the network. We have used this system
to visualize spatial propagation patterns of evoked
responses in cultured networks of cortical neurons.
This MEA-based stimulation system is a useful tool for
studying neuronal signal processing in biological
neuronal networks, as well as the process of synaptic
integration within single neurons.},
ANNOTE = {The authors attribute the artifact to the dc offset of
the electrode and charge storage during stimulation.
They construct a stimulation and recording system,
using discrete components, to account for these
sources. A sample and hold circuit stores the dc
offset, which is added to the stimulation voltage. This
also makes the effect of stimulation on cells
independent of the dc offset. Connecting the electrode
to a low impedance discharge path after stimulation
reduces the effect of charge storage. The authors
demonstrate reproducibility of evoked responses and
elimination of the stimulation artifact.},
KEYWORDS = {Electrical stimulation, MEA, neuron, spike.},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Jimbo_BME_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Roberts_JCOM_1979,
AUTHOR = {James A. Roberts and Ernest T. Tsui and David C.
Watson},
TITLE = {Signal-to-Noise Ratio Evaluations for Nonlinear
Amplifiers},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Commun.},
VOLUME = {27},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {197-201},
ABSTRACT = { This paper presents a solution for the output
signal-to-noise ratio of a bandpass nonlinearity which
is attractive for numerical evaluations of certain
nonlinearities of interest. The solution is obtained by
solving a differential equation which results in an
expression for thenth order Chebyshev transform of an
odd-order nonlinearity in terms of the $(n -
1)^{st}$-order Chebyshev transform of the derivative of
the nonlinearity. The particular cases treated included
a linear-logarithmic amplifier, an arctangent limiter,
and a piecewise-linear limiter. The approach and
results are related to previous efforts.},
KEYWORDS = {Nonlinear distortions},
MONTH = JAN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Log-Domain_Filtering/Roberts_JCOM_1979.pdf},
YEAR = 1979
}
@MISC{Pan,
AUTHOR = {Y. Vickie Pan and Yael Hanein and Deborah
Leach-Scampavia and Karl F. B{\"ohringer} and Buddy D.
Ratner and Denice D. Denton},
TITLE = {A PRECISION TECHNOLOGY FOR CONTROLLING PROTEIN
ADSORPTION AND CELL ADHESION IN BIOMEMS},
ABSTRACT = {A surface coating technique is investigated to enhance
device biocompatibility by eliminating bio-fouling, the
strong but nonspecific affinity of proteins and cells
to attach to surfaces. This coating is a conformal,
thin poly(ethylene glycol)-like film deposited in a
glow discharge of tetraglyme. Substrates with different
chemistries are successfully modified, and exhibit
ultralow protein adsorption and cell attachment with
the coating. This ``stealth'' or ``non-fouling''
coating can also be faithfully patterned using standard
photolithography processes. The interaction of proteins
and cells with patterned surfaces is limited only to
the protein-adhesive domains, thus creating
heterogeneous patterns of proteins and cell cultures on
the surface. The potential benefits of our technique to
applications such as cell-based assays and
micro-electrodes are discussed.},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTHOWPUBLISHED = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
OPTYEAR = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFiles/Non-fouling_coatings/A precision
technology for controlling protein adsorption and cell
adhesion in biomems.pdf}
}
@ARTICLE{Marrese_AnalChem_1987,
AUTHOR = {Carl A. Marrese},
TITLE = {Preparation of strongly adherent platinum black
coatings},
JOURNAL = {Anal. Chem.},
VOLUME = {59},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {217--218},
MONTH = JAN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Marrese_AnalChem_1987.pdf},
YEAR = 1987
}
@ARTICLE{Keefer_BiosensBioelec_2001,
AUTHOR = {Edward W. Keefer and Alexandra Gramowski and David A.
Stenger and Joseph J. Pancrazio and Guenter W. Gross},
TITLE = {Characterization of acute neurotoxic effects of
trimethylolpropane phosphate via neuronal network
biosensors},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {16},
NUMBER = {6--7},
PAGES = {513--525},
ABSTRACT = {We have utilized cultured neuronal networks grown on
microelectrode arrays to demonstrate rapid, reliable
detection of a toxic compound, trimethylolpropane
phosphate (TMPP). Initial experiments, which were
performed blind, demonstrated rapid classification of
the compound as a convulsant, a finding consistent with
previous whole animal neurobehavioral studies. TMPP
(2--$200~\mu M$) reorganized network spike activity
into synchronous, quasi-periodic burst episodes.
Integrated burst amplitudes invariably increased,
reflecting higher spike frequencies within each burst.
The variability of network burst parameters, quantified
as coefficients of variation (CVs), was decreased. Mean
CVs for burst duration, interburst interval, and burst
rate were lowered by 42±13, 58±5.5, and 62±1.8\%,
respectively (mean±SEM, n=8 cultures, 197 channels).
These changes in network activity paralleled the
effects induced by bicuculline, a known disinhibitory
and seizure-inducing drug, and confirmed classification
of TMPP as a potential epileptogenic compound. Simple
pharmacological tests permit exploration of mechanisms
underlying observed activity shifts. The EC50 for GABA
inhibition of network activity was increased from 2.8
to $7.0~\mu M$ by $20~\mu M$ TMPP and to $20.5~\mu M$
by $200~\mu M$ TMPP. Parallel dose--response curves
suggest that TMPP acts by a competitive antagonism of
GABA inhibition, and are consistent with reported
patch-clamp analysis of TMPP-induced reduction of
inhibitory postsynaptic current amplitudes. The potency
of TMPP in generating epileptiform activity in vitro
was comparable to concentrations reported for in vivo
studies. TMPP and bicuculline produced both increases
and decreases in burst rate depending on native
spontaneous bursting levels. These results demonstrate
a need for multivariate analysis of network activity
changes to yield accurate predictions of compound
effects.},
KEYWORDS = {Trimethylolpropane phosphate; Neuronal network;
Neurotoxicants},
MONTH = SEP,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Keefer_BiosensBioelec_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Gross_BiosensBioelec_1995,
AUTHOR = {Guenter W. Gross and Barry K. Rhoades and Hassan M. E.
Azzazy and Ming-Chi Wu},
TITLE = {The use of neuronal networks on multielectrode arrays
as biosensors},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {10},
NUMBER = {6--7},
PAGES = {553--567},
ABSTRACT = {Mammalian spinal neuronal networks growing on arrays
of photo-etched electrodes in culture provide a highly
stable system for the long-term monitoring of
multichannel, spontaneous or evoked
electrophysiological activity. In the absence of the
homeostatic control mechanisms of the central nervous
system, these networks show remarkable sensitivities to
minute chemical changes and mimic some of the
properties of sensory tissue. These sensitivities could
be enhanced by receptor up-regulation and altered by
the expression of unique receptors. The fault-tolerant
spontaneous network activity is used as a dynamic
platform on which large changes in activity signify
detection of chemical substances. We present strategies
for the expression of novel supersensitivities to
foreign molecules via genetic engineering that involves
the grafting of ligand binding cDNA onto truncated
native receptor DNA and the subsequent expression of
such chimeric receptors.},
KEYWORDS = {sensomimes; nerve cell biosensors; chimeric receptors;
transfection; extracellular recording; liposomes},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Gross_BiosensBioelec_1995.pdf},
YEAR = 1995
}
@ARTICLE{Nordhausen_BrainRes_1996,
AUTHOR = {Craig T. Nordhausen and Edwin M. Maynard and Richard
A. Normann},
TITLE = {Single unit recording capabilities of a 100
microelectrode array},
JOURNAL = {Brain Res.},
VOLUME = {726},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {129--140},
ABSTRACT = {We have developed a three-dimensional silicon
electrode array which provides 100 separate channels
for neural recording in cortex. The device is
manufactured using silicon micromachining techniques,
and we have conducted acute recording experiments in
cat striate cortex to evaluate the recording
capabilities of the array. In a series of five acute
experiments, 58.6\% of the electrodes in the array were
found to be capable of recording visually evoked
responses. In the most recent acute study, the average
signal-to-noise ratio for recordings obtained from 56
of the electrodes in the array was calculated to be
5.5:1. Using standard window discrimination techniques,
an average of 3.4 separable spikes were identified for
each of these electrodes. In order to compare the
two-dimensional mapping capabilities of the array with
those derived from other technologies, orientation
preference and ocular dominance maps were generated for
each of the evoked responses. Histological evaluation
of the implant site indicates some localized tissue
insult, but this is likely due to the perfusion
procedure since high signal-to-noise ratio neural
responses were recorded. The recording capabilities of
the Utah Intracortical Electrode Array in combination
with the large number of electrodes available for
recording make the array a tool well suited for
investigations into the parallel processing mechanisms
in cortex.},
KEYWORDS = {Multielectrode; Recording; Electrode array;
Electrophysiology; Parallel processing; Visual cortex;
visual cortex; single unit activity },
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Nordhausen_BrainRes_1996.pdf},
YEAR = 1996
}
@ARTICLE{Nam_BME_2004,
AUTHOR = {Yoonkey Nam and John C. Chang and Bruce C. Wheeler and
Gregory J. Brewer},
TITLE = {Gold-Coated Microelectrode Array With Thiol Linked
Self-Assembled Monolayers for Engineering Neuronal
Cultures},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {51},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {158--165},
ABSTRACT = {We report the use of a gold coating on microelectrode
arrays (MEAs) to enable the use of the relatively
reliable surface modification chemistry afforded by
alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The
concept is simple and begins with planar MEAs, which
are commercially available for neuronal cell culture
and for brain slice studies. A gold film, with an
intermediate adhesive layer of titanium, is deposited
over the insulation of an existing MEA in a manner so
as to be thin enough for transmission light microscopy
as well as to avoid electrical contact to the
electrodes. The alkanethiol-based linking chemistry is
then applied for the desired experimental purpose. Here
we show that polylysine linked to alkanethiol SAM can
control the geometry of an in vitro hippocampal
neuronal network grown on the MEA. Furthermore,
recordings of neuronal action potentials from random
and patterned networks suggest that the gold coating
does not significantly alter the electrode properties.
This design scheme may be useful for increasing the
number of neurons located in close proximity to the
electrodes. Realization of in vitro neuronal circuits
on MEAs may significantly benefit basic neuroscience
studies, as well as provide the insight relevant to
applications such as neural prostheses or cell-based
biosensors. The gold coating technique makes it
possible to use the rich set of thiol-based surface
modification techniques in combination with MEA
recording.},
KEYWORDS = {Cell patterning, hippocampal pyramidal cells, MEA,
neural recording, neuronal network, self-assembled
monolayer (SAM)},
MONTH = JAN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Nam_BME_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Pouzat_JNM_2002,
AUTHOR = {Christophe Pouzat and Ofer Mazor and Gilles Laurent},
TITLE = {Using noise signature to optimize spike-sorting and to
assess neuronal classification quality},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {122},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {43--57},
ABSTRACT = {We have developed a simple and expandable procedure
for classification and validation of extracellular data
based on a probabilistic model of data generation. This
approach relies on an empirical characterization of the
recording noise. We first use this noise
characterization to optimize the clustering of recorded
events into putative neurons. As a second step, we use
the noise model again to assess the quality of each
cluster by comparing the within-cluster variability to
that of the noise. This second step can be performed
independently of the clustering algorithm used, and it
provides the user with quantitative as well as visual
tests of the quality of the classification.},
KEYWORDS = { Data clustering; Expectation-maximization; Antennal
lobe; Locust; Sampling jitter; Multi-electrode; Tetrode
},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSpike_Sorting/Pouzat_JNM_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Wagenaar_JNM_2004,
AUTHOR = {Daniel A. Wagenaar and Jerry Pine and Steve M. Potter},
TITLE = {Effective parameters for stimulation of dissociated
cultures using multi-electrode arrays},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {138},
ISSUE = {1--2},
PAGES = {27--37},
MONTH = SEP,
ABSTRACT = {Electrical stimulation through multi-electrode arrays
is used to evoke activity in dissociated cultures of
cortical neurons. We study the efficacies of a variety
of pulse shapes under voltage---as well as
current---control, and determine useful parameter
ranges that optimize efficacy while preventing damage
through electrochemistry. For any pulse shape,
stimulation is found to be mediated by negative
currents. We find that positive-then-negative biphasic
voltage-controlled pulses are more effective than any
of the other pulse shapes tested, when compared at the
same peak voltage. These results suggest that
voltage-control, with its inherent control over
limiting electrochemistry, may be advantageous in a
wide variety of stimulation scenarios, possibly
extending to in-vivo experiments.},
KEYWORDS = {Electrical stimulation; dissociated culture;
multi-electrode array; MEA; stimulation parameters},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Wagenaar_JNM_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Kovacs_IEEE_2003,
AUTHOR = {G. T. A. Kovacs},
TITLE = {Electronic sensors with living cellular components},
JOURNAL = {Proc. {IEEE}},
VOLUME = {91},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {915--929},
ABSTRACT = {For more than three decades, it has been possible to
use microlithographically fabricated extracellular
electrodes to record action potential (AP) signals from
electrically active cells such as neurons of intact
organisms. There has also been a steady evolution of
techniques to interface between electronic circuits and
neural or cardiac cells cultured on arrays of such
electrodes, mainly directed toward basic science goals.
More recently, such combinations of living cells and
electronics have been harnessed as tools for the
detection of chemical and biological toxins, and for
screening of pharmacologically active compounds. This
paper presents a survey of the relevant technologies,
cell types available, specific requirements for
applications, and discussion of opportunities for
future development.},
KEYWORDS = {biosensors cellular biophysics microelectrodes action
potential signal cardiac culture cell-based biosensor
electronic sensor living cellular component
microelectrode array neural culture pharmaceutical
screening toxin detection},
MONTH = JUN,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Kovacs_IEEE_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Bruccoleri_JSSC_2004,
AUTHOR = {Federico Bruccoleri and Eric A. M. Klumperink and Bram
Nauta},
TITLE = {Wide-band {CMOS} low-noise amplifier exploiting
thermal noise canceling},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {39},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {275--282},
ABSTRACT = {Known elementary wide-band amplifiers suffer from a
fundamental tradeoff between noise figure (NF) and
source impedance matching, which limits the NF to
values typically above 3~dB. Global negative feedback
can be used to break this tradeoff, however, at the
price of potential instability. In contrast, this paper
presents a feedforward noise-canceling technique, which
allows for simultaneous noise and impedance matching,
while canceling the noise and distortion contributions
of the matching device. This allows for designing
wide-band impedance-matching amplifiers with NF well
below 3~dB, without suffering from instability issues.
An amplifier realized in $0.25~\mu m$ standard CMOS
shows NF values below 2.4~dB over more than one decade
of bandwidth (i.e., 150--2000~MHz) and below 2~dB over
more than two octaves (i.e., 250--1100~MHz).
Furthermore, the total voltage gain is 13.7~dB, the
$-3$~dB bandwidth is from 2~MHz to 1.6~GHz, the IIP2 is
+12~dBm, and the IIP3 is 0~dBm. The LNA drains 14~mA
from a 2.5~V supply and the die area is $0.3\times 0.25
mm^2$.},
KEYWORDS = { CMOS analogue integrated circuits impedance matching
integrated circuit noise thermal noise wideband
amplifiers 0.25 micron 13.7 dB 14 mA 150 to 2000 MHz 2
MHz to 1.6 GHz 2.5 V LNA drains distortion canceling
feedforward noise-canceling technique global negative
feedback noise distortion noise figure source impedance
matching thermal noise canceling voltage gain wide-band
CMOS low-noise amplifier},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Bruccoleri_JSSC_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Makris_IEE_1990,
AUTHOR = {C. A. Makris and C. Toumazou},
TITLE = {Operational amplifier modelling for high speed sampled
data applications},
JOURNAL = {{IEE} Proc. Pt. G},
VOLUME = {137},
NUMBER = {5},
PAGES = {333--339},
ABSTRACT = {A pair of symmetrical and versatile equivalent
circuits suitable for two pole single and two stage
operational amplifiers is presented. The improved
accuracy of the new equivalent circuits is necessary
when designing the compensation network of high speed
amplifiers to minimise their very strongly
phase-dependent settling time, which is important for
sampled data analogue signal processing circuits. These
models also identify a critical effective capacitance,
which is shown to govern the settling behaviour of the
operational amplifier.},
KEYWORDS = {equivalent circuits operational amplifiers poles and
zeros sampled data systems signal processing equipment
GaAs operational amplifier compensation network
critical effective capacitance high speed sampled data
operational amplifier phase-dependent settling time
sampled data analogue signal processing circuits
symmetrical equivalent circuits two pole single
operational amplifier two stage operational amplifiers
versatile equivalent circuits},
MONTH = OCT,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Makris_IEE_1990.pdf},
YEAR = 1980
}
@ARTICLE{Palaskas_JSSC_2004,
AUTHOR = {Yorgos Palaskas and Yannis Tsividis and Vladimir
Prodanov and Vito Boccuzzi},
TITLE = {A ``divide and conquer'' technique for implementing
wide dynamic range continuous-time filters},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {39},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {297--307},
ABSTRACT = {This paper presents a technique for implementing
analog filters with wide dynamic range and low power
dissipation and chip area. The desired dynamic range of
the filter is divided into subranges, each covered by a
different filtering path optimized specifically for
this subrange. This results in small admittance levels
for the individual filtering paths and correspondingly
small power dissipation and chip area. The system
provides undisturbed output during range switching,
contrary to conventional automatic gain control
(AGC)/filter arrangements that generate disturbances
every time the gain of the AGC changes. We also report
on a low-noise highly linear CMOS transconductor useful
for high-frequency applications. A chip implementing
the ideas of this paper was fabricated in a $0.25~\mu
m$ digital CMOS process. The intended application of
the filter is channel selection in an 802.11a/Hiperlan2
Wireless Ethernet receiver. The chip dissipates 9~mA,
occupies an area of $0.7~mm^2$, and maintains a
signal/(noise + IM3 distortion) ratio of at least 33~dB
over a 48~dB signal range, with good blocker immunity.
This performance represents at least an order of
magnitude improvement over existing channel selection
filters, even those that do not achieve
disturbance-free operation.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS digital integrated circuits automatic gain
control continuous time filters divide and conquer
methods 0.25 micron 9 mA Hiperlan2 Wireless Ethernet
receiver admittance levels analog filters automatic
gain control channel selection filters chip area
companding continuous-time filters digital CMOS
filtering paths high-frequency applications low power
dissipation low-noise highly linear CMOS transconductor
range switching signal distortion ratio signal noise
ratio wide dynamic range},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Signal_Processing/Palaskas_JSSC_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Spinelli_TBME_2004,
AUTHOR = {Spinelli, Enrique Mario and Nolberto M{art\'inez} and
Miguel Angel Mayosky and Ramon P{all\`as-Areny}},
TITLE = {A Novel Fully Differential Biopotential Amplifier With
{DC} Suppression},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {51},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {1444--1448},
ABSTRACT = {Fully differential amplifiers yield large differential
gains and also high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR),
provided they do not include any unmatched grounded
component. In biopotential measurements, however, the
admissible gain of amplification stages located before
dc suppression is usually limited by electrode offset
voltage, which can saturate amplifier outputs. The
standard solution is to first convert the differential
input voltage to a single-ended voltage and then
implement any other required functions, such as dc
suppression and dc level restoring. This approach,
however, yields a limited CMRR and may result in a
relatively large equivalent input noise. This paper
describes a novel fully differential biopotential
amplifier based on a fully differential dc-suppression
circuit that does not rely on any matched passive
components, yet provides large CMRR and fast recovery
from dc level transients. The proposed solution is
particularly convenient for low supply voltage systems.
An example implementation, based on standard low-power
op amps and a single 5-V power supply, accepts input
offset voltages up to ±500~mV, yields a CMRR of 102~dB
at 50~Hz, and provides, in accordance with the AAMI
EC38 standard, a reset behavior for recovering from
overloads or artifacts.},
KEYWORDS = {AC coupling biopotential amplifiers electrode offset
potential},
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Spinelli_TBME_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Shoham_JNM_2003,
AUTHOR = {Shy Shoham and Matthew R. Fellows and Richard A.
Normann},
TITLE = {Robust, automatic spike sorting using mixtures of
multivariate t-distributions},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {127},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {111--122},
ABSTRACT = {A number of recent methods developed for automatic
classification of multiunit neural activity rely on a
Gaussian model of the variability of individual
waveforms and the statistical methods of Gaussian
mixture decomposition. Recent evidence has shown that
the Gaussian model does not accurately capture the
multivariate statistics of the waveform samples'
distribution. We present further data demonstrating
non-Gaussian statistics, and show that the multivariate
t-distribution, a wide-tailed family of distributions,
provides a significantly better fit to the true
statistics. We introduce an adaptation of a new
expectation-maximization based competitive mixture
decomposition algorithm and show that it efficiently
and reliably performs mixture decomposition of
t-distributions. Our algorithm determines the number of
units in multiunit neural recordings, even in the
presence of significant noise contamination resulting
from random threshold crossings and overlapping spikes.},
KEYWORDS = {Spike sorting; Multi-unit recording; Electrode array;
Unsupervised classification; Mixture models;
Expectation-maximization; Multivariate t-distribution },
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSpike_Sorting/Shoham_JNM_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Jenkner_BiolCybern_2001,
AUTHOR = {Martin Jenkner and Bernt M{\"uller} and Peter Fromherz
},
TITLE = {Interfacing a silicon chip to pairs of snail neurons
connected by electrical synapses},
JOURNAL = {Biol. Cybern.},
VOLUME = {84},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {239--249},
ABSTRACT = {Future hybrid neuron-semiconductor chips will consist
of complex neural networks that are directly interfaced
to electronic integrated circuits. They will help us to
understand the dynamics of neuronal networks and may
lead to novel computational facilities. Here we report
on an elementary step towards such neurochips. We
designed and fabricated a silicon chip for multiple
two-way interfacing, and cultured on it pairs of
neurons from the pedal ganglia of the snail
\textit{Lymnaea stagnalis}. These neurons were joined
to each other by an electrical synapse, and to the chip
by a capacitive stimulator and a recording transistor.
We obtained a set of neuroelectronic units with
sequential and parallel signal transmission through the
neuron-silicon interface and the synapse, with a
bidirectionally interfaced neuron-pair and with a
signal path from the chip through a synaptically
connected neuron pair back to the chip. The prospects
for assembling more involved hybrid networks on the
basis of these neuroelectronic units are considered.},
MONTH = MAR,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Jenkner_BiolCybern_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Krishnapura_JSSC_2001,
AUTHOR = {Nagendra Krishnapura and Yannis P. Tsividis},
TITLE = {Noise and Power Reduction in Filters Through the Use
of Adjustable Biasing},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {36},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {1912--1920},
ABSTRACT = {A technique that enables the variation of bias
currents in a filter without causing disturbances at
the output is presented. Thus, the bias current can be
kept at the minimum value necessary for the total input
signal being processed, reducing the noise and power
consumption. To demonstrate this approach, a
dynamically biased log-domain filter has been designed
in a $0.25~\mu m$ BiCMOS technology. The chip occupies
$0.52~mm^2$. In its quiescent condition, the filter
consumes $575~\mu W$ and has an output noise of
$4.4~nA_{rms}$. Signal-to-noise ratio greater than
50~dB over 3 decades of input and total harmonic
distortion less than 1\% for inputs less than 2.5~mA
peak are achieved. The bias can be varied to minimize
noise and power consumption without disturbing the
output.},
KEYWORDS = {BiCMOS analogue integrated circuits active filters
harmonic distortion integrated circuit noise low-power
electronics 0.25 micron 2.5 mA 575 muW BiCMOS
technology analog active filter dynamic bias current
log-domain filter output noise power consumption
signal-to-noise ratio total harmonic distortion},
MONTH = DEC,
OPTKEY = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Krishnapura_JSSC_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Streit_EJNerosci_2001,
AUTHOR = {Streit, J{\"{u}rg} and Tscherter, Anne and Heuschkel,
Marc O. and Renaud, Philippe},
TITLE = {The generation of rhythmic activity in dissociated
cultures of rat spinal cord.},
JOURNAL = {Eur. J. Neurosci.},
VOLUME = {14},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {191--202},
ABSTRACT = {Locomotion in vertebrates is controlled by central
pattern generators in the spinal cord. The roles of
specific network architecture and neuronal properties
in rhythm generation by such spinal networks are not
fully understood. We have used multisite recording from
dissociated cultures of embryonic rat spinal cord grown
on multielectrode arrays to investigate the patterns of
spontaneous activity in randomised spinal networks. We
were able to induce similar patterns of rhythmic
activity in dissociated cultures as in slice cultures,
although not with the same reliability and not always
with the same protocols. The most reliable rhythmic
activity was induced when a partial disinhibition of
the network was combined with an increase in neuronal
excitability, suggesting that both recurrent synaptic
excitation and neuronal excitability contribute to
rhythmogenesis. During rhythmic activity, bursts
started at several sites and propagated in variable
ways. However, the predominant propagation patterns
were independent of the protocol used to induce
rhythmic activity. When synaptic transmission was
blocked by CNQX, APV, strychnine and bicuculline,
asynchronous low-rate activity persisted at approx.
$\approx 50\%$ of the electrodes and approx. $\approx
70\%$ of the sites of burst initiation. Following the
bursts, the activity in the interval was transiently
suppressed below the level of intrinsic activity. The
degree of suppression was proportional to the amount of
activity in the preceding burst. From these findings we
conclude that rhythmic activity in spinal cultures is
controlled by the interplay of intrinsic neuronal
activity and recurrent excitation in neuronal networks
without the need for a specific architecture.},
MONTH = JUL,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Streit_EJNerosci_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Wagenaar_JNE_2004,
AUTHOR = {Daniel A. Wagenaar and Steve M. Potter},
TITLE = {A Versatile All-Channel Stimulator for Electrode
Arrays, with Real-Time Control},
JOURNAL = {J. Neural Eng.},
VOLUME = {1},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {39--45},
ABSTRACT = {Over the last few decades, technology to record
through ever increasing numbers of electrodes has
become available to electrophysiologists. For the study
of distributed neural processing, however, the ability
to stimulate through equal numbers of electrodes, and
thus to attain bidirectional communication, is of
paramount importance. Here, we present a stimulation
system for multi-electrode arrays that interfaces with
existing commercial recording hardware, and allows
stimulation through any electrode in the array, with
rapid switching between channels, without impairing
recording performance. The system is controlled through
real-time Linux, making it extremely flexible:
Stimulation sequences can be constructed on-the-fly,
and arbitrary stimulus waveforms can be used if
desired. A key feature of this design is that it can
readily and inexpensively be reproduced in other labs,
since it interfaces to standard PC parallel ports and
uses only off-the-shelf components. Moreover,
adaptation for use with in-vivo multi-electrode probes
would be straightforward. In combination with our
freely available data acquisition software, MeaBench,
this system can provide feedback stimulation in
response to recorded action potentials within 15~ms.},
KEYWORDS = {Stimulation; multi-electrode; real-time; MeaBench;
feedback; animat},
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Wagenaar_JNE_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Egert_BrainRes_1998,
AUTHOR = {U. Egert and B. Schlosshauer and S. Fennrich and W.
Nisch and M. Fejtl and T. Knott and T. M{\"uller} and
H. H{\"ammerle}},
TITLE = {A novel organotypic long-term culture of the rat
hippocampus on substrate-integrated multielectrode
arrays},
JOURNAL = {Brain Res. Protoc.},
VOLUME = {2},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {229--242},
ABSTRACT = {Spatiotemporally coordinated activity of neural
networks is crucial for brain functioning. To
understand the basis of physiological information
processing and pathological states, simultaneous
multisite long-term recording is a prerequisite. In a
multidisciplinary approach we developed a novel system
of organotypically cultured rat hippocampal slices on a
planar 60-microelectrode array (MEA). This biohybrid
system allowed cultivation for 4 weeks. Methods known
from semiconductor production were employed to
fabricate and characterize the MEA. Simultaneous
extracellular recording of local field potentials
(LFPs) and spike activity at 60 sites under sterile
conditions allowed the analysis of network activity
with high spatiotemporal resolution. To our knowledge
this is the first realization of hippocampus cultured
organotypically on multi-microelectrode arrays for
simultaneous recording and electrical stimulation. This
biohybrid system promises to become a powerful tool for
drug discovery and for the analysis of neural networks,
of synaptic plasticity, and of pathophysiological
conditions such as ischemia and epilepsy.},
KEYWORDS = {Correlation analysis; Hippocampus; Multielectrode
array; Organotypic long-term culture; Paired pulse
facilitation; Photolithography; Rat; Plasticity},
MONTH = JUN,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Ecken_ElecActa_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 1998
}
@ARTICLE{Hoogerwerf_BME_1994,
AUTHOR = {Arnold C. Hoogerwerf and Kensall D. Wise},
TITLE = {A three-dimensional microelectrode array for chronic
neural recording},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {41},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {1136--1146},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a 3-D microelectrode array for
the chronic recording of single-unit activity in the
central nervous system. The array is formed by a
microassembly of planar silicon multishank microporbes,
which are precisely positioned in a micromachined
platform that resides on the surface of the cortex.
Interconnects between the probes and the platform are
formed using electroplated nickel lead transfers,
implemented using automated computer control. All
dimensions are controlled to $±1~\mu m$ and shank/probe
separations as small as $100~\mu m$ are possible.
Four-probe 16-shank prototype arrays have been tested
chronically in guinea pig cortex. After three months in
vivo, no significant tissue reaction has been observed
surrounding these structures when they remain free to
move with the brain, with normal apperaring tissue
between shanks spaced at $150~\mu m$ to $200~\mu m$
intervals. The array structure is compatible with the
use of signal processing circuitry both on the probes
and on the platform. A platform-based signal processing
system has been designed to interface with several
active probes, providing direct analog access to the
recording sites, performing on-chip analog-to-digital
conversion of neural activity, and providing simple
binary-output recognition of a single-unit spike events
using a user-input threshold voltage.},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Hoogerwerf_BME_1994.pdf},
YEAR = 1994
}
@ARTICLE{Gnadt_BME_2003,
AUTHOR = {James W. Gnadt and Stanley D. Echols and Abidin
Yildirim and Honglei Zhang and Kush Paul},
TITLE = {Spectral Cancellation of Microstimulation Artifact for
Simultaneuos Neural Recording \emph{In Situ}},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {50},
NUMBER = {10},
PAGES = {1129--1135},
ABSTRACT = {A fundamental technical hurdle in systems neuro-
physiology has been to record the activity of
individual neurons in situ while using microstimulation
to activate inputs or outputs. Stimulation artifact at
the recording electrode has largely limited the
usefulness of combined stimulating and recording to
using single stimulation pulses (e.g., orthodromic and
antidromic activation) or to presenting brief trains of
pulses to look for transient responses (e.g.,
paired-pulse stimulation). Using an adaptive filter, we
have developed an on-line method that allows continuous
extracellular isolation of individual neuron spikes
during sustained experimental microstimulation. We show
that the technique accurately and robustly recovers
neural spikes from stimulation-corrupted records.
Moreover, we demonstrate that the method should
generalize to any recording situation where a
stereotyped, triggered transient might obscure a neural
event.},
KEYWORDS = {Action potential, adaptive filter, microstimulation,
spike detection, stimulation artifact},
MONTH = OCT,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesArtifact_Removal/Gnadt_BME_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Prinz_BiolCybern_2000,
AUTHOR = {Astrid A. Prinz and Peter Fromherz},
TITLE = {Electrical synapses by guided growth of cultured
neurons from the snail \textit{Lymnaea stagnalis}},
JOURNAL = {Biol. Cybern.},
VOLUME = {82},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {L1--L5},
ABSTRACT = {The ability to assemble neuronal networks with
designed topology would allow uniquely defined
experiments on neurocomputing. We describe a
fundamental step, the controlled formation of synapses
by guided outgrowth, in vitro for the first time
combining simple neuritic geometry with predefined
connectivity. We used neurons from the A-clusters in
the pedal ganglia of the snail \textit{Lymnaea
stagnalis}. They were cultured on a substrate with
linear patterns made by adsorption of brain-derived
conditioning factors and photolithography. We induced
and observed the frontal collision of two growth cones
on narrow lanes. Following such encounters, individual
electrical synapses formed that were sometimes strong
enough for prolonged presynaptic stimulation to reach
the threshold of postsynaptic firing.},
MONTH = MAR,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Prinz_BiolCybern_2000.pdf},
YEAR = 2000
}
@ARTICLE{Duport_BiosensBioelec_1999,
AUTHOR = {Duport, S. and Millerin, C. and Muller, D. and
C{orreg\`{e}s}, P.},
TITLE = {A metallic multisite recording system designed for
continuous long-term monitoring of electrophysiological
activity in slice cultures},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {14},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {369--376},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a flexible, metallic
multielectrode array, made on kapton to fit in a
recording chamber for interface-type organotypic
cultures. This multisite recording system is designed
for continuous multisite monitoring of
electrophysiological activity in rat brain organotypic
slice cultures. The system is composed of a signal
conditioning set-up, which also masters electrical
stimulation paradigms and a card containing the
microelectrode array. The card comprises a perfusion
chamber closed by a rigid and permeable membrane on
which the pierced microelectrode array supporting the
slice culture is placed. Once closed with a gaseous
chamber, the inside of the card remained sterile and
free of contamination and could be maintained inside or
outside the incubator for electrophysiological
analyses. Dimensions of each 28-plated gold
microelectrode recording site are $50~\mu m \times
100~\mu m$. The design of the chambers and the card
makes it possible to modify both the perfusion medium
and the gaseous atmosphere in sterile conditions,
allowing thus analyses of long-term effects of
pharmacological compounds. Using this array one can
perform stimulation and recordings of the electrical
activity of the slice. Signals obtained with this
reusable system exhibit a good signal-to-noise ratio.
This device was tested to follow the evolution and
modifications of the evoked and/or spontaneous
electrical activity of the same groups of neurones
during several days.},
KEYWORDS = {Microelectrode array; Field potentials; In vitro;
Organotypic culture},
MONTH = APR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Duport_BiosensBioelectron_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@UNPUBLISHED{Ross_2003,
AUTHOR = {James Danger Ross},
TITLE = {Modeling the Electrode/Electrolyte Interface:
Discerning the Cause of the Stimulation Artifact},
NOTE = {Project Report},
ABSTRACT = {A fundamental, technical hurdle for systems
neurophysiologists has been to extracellularly record
from individual neurons while simultaneously applying
micro-stimulation. Unfortunately, stimulation pulses
corrupt neural recordings and obscure action potentials
that occur during the time course of the artifact. In
recent literature, there are several techniques
proposed to remove stimulation artifacts; these, among
others, include spectral cancellation, rapid polynomial
fitting, and sample-hold and discharge schemes. Despite
the growing number of proposed artifact removal
schemes, discussions on the actual cause of stimulation
artifacts are notably absent. Ultimately, the best
prevention of stimulation artifacts will come from an
understanding of their source. In this paper, a
comprehensive model of the electrode-electrolyte
interface is presented. Preliminary results from this
model are used to suggest that the stimulation artifact
is caused by the switching circuitry, itself, coupled
with the non-linearities of the electrode-electrolyte
interface.},
KEYWORDS = {stimulation artifact},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesArtifact_Removal/Ross_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Chin_CAS_1986,
AUTHOR = {Chin S. Park and Rolf Schaumann},
TITLE = {A High-frequency {CMOS} Linear transconductance
Element},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst.},
VOLUME = {33},
NUMBER = {11},
PAGES = {1132--1138},
ABSTRACT = {A simple four-transistor, linear, tunable,
high-frequency transconductance element is described.
By using a pair of composite n-channel--p-channel
devices, the circuit achieves its linearity by current
differencing without undue matching requirements. It is
shown that linearity and frequency response can be
optimized simultaneously by appropriate choice of
device dimensions. The performance is verified by SPICE
simulations, and an operational transconductance
amplifier (OTA) is used as one example for the many
applications of the proposed element.},
MONTH = NOV,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Park_CAS_1986.pdf},
YEAR = 1986
}
@ARTICLE{Ecken_ElecActa_2003,
AUTHOR = {Ecken, H. and Ingebrandt, S. and Krause, M. and
Richter, D. and Hara, M. and O{ffenh\"{a}usser}, A.},
TITLE = {64-{C}hannel extended gate electrode arrays for
extracellular signal recording},
JOURNAL = {Electrochimica Acta},
VOLUME = {48},
PAGES = {3355--3362},
ABSTRACT = {A 64-channel amplifier system for the recording of
extracellular signals with planar metal microelectrodes
is presented. Gold metal microelectrodes on glass
wafers were fabricated using standard photolithographic
techniques. The measurement system was divided into a
headstage preamplifier and a main amplifier. The
inherent noise of the extracellular recording system
was minimized by using an independent battery supply.
The metal electrodes were directly connected to the
gates of low noise junction field effect transistors
(JFETs) using a specially designed electronic circuit.
With this set-up, it was possible to record
extracellular signals with planar metal microelectrodes
without any surface modification for impedance
reduction. A feedback circuit in the first
amplification stage compensated slow drifts of the gold
microelectrodes, which made online sampling of all 64
channels with a sampling rate of 10~kHz possible.
Recordings were taken from rat cardiac myocytes
cultured on fibronectin coated sensor chips. The system
exhibited a good signal-to-noise ratio. It was able to
detect the signal propagation within the cardiac cell
layer and it could be used for pharmacological
investigations involving the heart.},
KEYWORDS = {Extended gate electrodes; Extracellular recording;
Sensor array; Action potential; Rat cardiac myocytes},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Ecken_ElecActa_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Dabrowski_BiosensBioelectron_2004,
AUTHOR = {W. Dabrowski and P. Grybos and A. M. Litke},
TITLE = {A low noise multichannel integrated circuit for
recording neuronal signals using microelectrode arrays},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {19},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {749--761},
ABSTRACT = {This paper reports on the development of a fully
integrated 32-channel integrated circuit (IC) for
recording neuronal signals in neurophysiological
experiments using microelectrode arrays. The IC
consists of 32 channels of low-noise preamplifiers and
bandpass filters, and an output analog multiplexer. The
continuous-time RC active filters have a typical
passband of 20--2000~Hz; the low and the high cut-off
frequencies can be separately controlled by external
reference currents. This chip provides a satisfactory
signal-to-noise ratio for neuronal signals with
amplitudes greater than 50~V. For the nominal passband
setting, an equivalent input noise of $3~V_{rms}$ has
been achieved. A single channel occupies $0.35~mm^2$ of
silicon area and dissipates 1.7~mW of power. The chip
was fabricated in a $0.7~\mu m$ CMOS process.},
ANNOTE = {The preamplifier is a fairly standard design:
differential pair, CD, CS. The authors make frequent
use of MOSFETs in the linear region as resistors.
Picofarad capacitors are necessary in each amplifier.
Compare to Harrison's design \cite{Harrison_JSSC_2003}
and Ji's design \cite{Ji_JSSC_1992}.},
KEYWORDS = {Low-noise amplifier; Bandpass filters; Extracellular
recording; Microelectrode arrays; VLSI electronics},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Dabrowski_BiosensBioelectron_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Furth_ElectronLett_1995,
AUTHOR = {P. M. Furth and A. G. Andreou},
TITLE = {Linearised differential transconductors in
subthreshold {CMOS}},
JOURNAL = {Electron. Lett.},
VOLUME = {31},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {545--547},
ABSTRACT = {Three schemes for linearising the transconductance of
the basic differential pair in subthreshold CMOS are
examined: (i) multiple asymmetric differential pairs,
(ii) source degeneration via symmetric diffusers, and
(iii) source degeneration via a single diffuser. Using
a maximally flat optimising criterion, the linear range
of the basic differential pair can be increased by 4--8
times},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS analogue integrated circuits continuous time
filters differential amplifiers linear range linearised
differential transconductors maximally flat optimising
criterion multiple asymmetric differential pairs source
degeneration subthreshold CMOS symmetric diffusers},
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Furth_ElectronLett_1995.pdf},
YEAR = 1995
}
@ARTICLE{Robinson_IEEE_1968,
AUTHOR = {David A. Robinson},
TITLE = {The Electrical Properties of Metal Microelectrodes},
JOURNAL = {Proc. {IEEE}},
VOLUME = {56},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1065--1071},
ABSTRACT = {The electrical properties of metal microelectrodes for
single-unit recording are reviewed. An equivalent
circuit is presented, the elements of which are
discusses. The most important element is the
electrolytic capacitor formed by the metal-electrolyte
interface. Its value is about $0.2 pF/\mu^2$ at 1~kHz.
the effects of exposed metallic area at the tip and
platinziation are described, and some consideration is
given to problems peculiar to the operation of these
electrodes in neural tissue.},
MONTH = JUN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Robinson_IEEE_1968.pdf},
YEAR = 1968
}
@ARTICLE{Pancrazio_AnnBME_1999,
AUTHOR = {J. J. Pancrazio and J. P. Whelan and D. A. Borkholder
and W. Ma and D. A. Stenger},
TITLE = {Development and Application of Cell-Based Biosensors},
JOURNAL = {Ann. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {27},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {697--711},
ABSTRACT = {Biosensors incorporate a biological sensing element
that converts a change in an immediate environment to
signals conducive for processing. Biosensors have been
implemented for a number of applications ranging from
environmental pollutant detection to defense
monitoring. Biosensors have two intriguing
characteristics: (1) they have a naturally evolved
selectivity to biological or biologically active
analytes; and (2) biosensors have the capacity to
respond to analytes in a physiologically relevant
manner. In this paper, molecular biosensors, based on
antibodies, enzymes, ion channels, or nucleic acids,
are briefly reviewed. Moreover, cell-based biosensors
are reviewed and discussed. Cell-based biosensors have
been implemented using microorganisms, particularly for
environmental monitoring of pollutants. Biosensors
incorporating mammalian cells have a distinct advantage
of responding in a manner that can offer insight into
the physiological effect of an analyte. Several
approaches for transduction of cellular signals are
discussed; these approaches include measures of cell
metabolism, impedance, intracellular potentials, and
extracellular potentials. Among these approaches,
networks of excitable cells cultured on microelectrode
arrays are uniquely poised to provide rapid, functional
classification of an analyte and ultimately constitute
a potentially effective cell-based biosensor
technology. Three challenges that constitute barriers
to increased cell-based biosensor applications are
presented: analytical methods, reproducibility, and
cell sources. Possible future solutions to these
challenges are discussed.},
KEYWORDS = {Antibody, Environmental monitoring, Functional assay,
Chemical warfare, Extracellular potential, Impedance,
Microelectrode, Patterning, Stem cells},
MONTH = NOV,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Pancrazio_AnnBME_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Steyaert_JSSC_1987,
AUTHOR = {Steyaert, Michel S.J. and Sansen, Willy M.C. and Chang
Zhongyuan},
TITLE = {A micropower low-noise monolithic instrumentation
amplifier for medical purposes},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {22},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1163--1168},
ABSTRACT = {A CMOS low-power low-noise monolithic instrumentation
amplifier (IA) is described. The power drain is reduced
by use of current feedback and by use of only
single-stage operational transconductance amplifiers in
the low-frequency loop. The bandwidth of the IA is
designed for medical purposes (0.5-500~Hz) and it can
produce variable gains of 14/20/26/40~dB, which are set
by control software.},
KEYWORDS = {Biomedical electronics CMOS integrated circuits
Feedback Instrumentation amplifiers Linear integrated
circuits biomedical electronics feedback
instrumentation amplifiers linear integrated circuits},
MONTH = DEC,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Steyaert_JSSC_1987.pdf},
YEAR = 1987
}
@ARTICLE{Bove_BioCyber_1994,
AUTHOR = {M. Bove and G. Massobrio and S. Martinoia and M.
Grattarola},
TITLE = {REALISTIC SIMULATIONS OF NEURONS BY MEANS OF AN AD HOC
MODIFIED VERSION OF {SPICE}},
JOURNAL = {Biol. Cybern.},
VOLUME = {71},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {137--145},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes an ad hoc modified version of the
electrical circuit analysis program SPICE, which has
been optimized for detailed simulations of the
behaviour of neurons. An equivalent-circuit description
of the simulation building blocks is provided, and the
SPICE modifications are specified. These modifications,
in contrast to previous uses of SPICE, allows one to
simulate the behaviour of neurons of Hodgkin-Huxley
type (excitable membrane) and of postsynaptic membranes
without any approximations. Simulation results are
reported and compared, both with data previously
analysed in the literature by other authors and with
experimental data recently obtained by coupling neurons
to planar extracellular microelectrodes. Details of the
circuit elements used in the simulations are reported.
The improvements of our proposed model are discussed in
comparison with a previous SPICE-based model described
in the literature.},
KEYWORDS = {NETWORK ANALYSIS PROGRAM, ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR,
PROPAGATION, MEMBRANE},
MONTH = JUN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Bove_BioCyber_1994.pdf},
YEAR = 1994
}
@ARTICLE{Maher_MedBECmp_1999,
AUTHOR = {M. P. Maher and H. Dvorak-Carbone and J. Pine, J. A.
Wright and Y. C. Tai},
TITLE = {Microstructures for studies of cultured neural
networks},
JOURNAL = {Med. Biol. Eng. Comp.},
VOLUME = {37},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {110--118},
ABSTRACT = {A description is given of a functional silicon
micromachined device that permits non-invasive,
bidirectional, highly specific communication with
cultured mammalian neurons. The heart of the system is
a well structure that holds the cell in close proximity
to a metal extracellular electrode while permitting
normal outgrowth of axons and dendrites. An iterative
approach is used to create a design that allows normal
growth of the neurons while preventing their escape. An
array of 16 such neurowells makes it possible to
perform studies of biological neural network
development and function with unprecedented detail.},
KEYWORDS = {HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS, MICROELECTRODE ARRAY,
ACTION-POTENTIALS, RAT HIPPOCAMPUS, PROPAGATION,
DENDRITES, BEHAVIOR, DESIGN, AXONS, SLICE},
MONTH = JAN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Maher_MedBECmp_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Sheu_CAS_1983,
AUTHOR = {Bing J. Sheu and Chen Ming Hu},
TITLE = {Modeling the switched-induced error voltage on a
switched-capacitor},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst.},
VOLUME = {30},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {911--913},
ABSTRACT = {An analytical model for switch-induced error voltage
on a switched capacitor is derived. A compact
expression contains the effects of gate voltage falling
rate, threshold voltage, and storage capacitance. It
can be used to quickly predict the error voltage. The
model is in good agreement with computer simulations
using SPICE program and experiment.},
KEYWORDS = {MOS integrated circuits, analog Switched-capacitor
circuits},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Sheu_CAS_1987.pdf},
YEAR = 1983
}
@ARTICLE{Kim_BME_2003,
AUTHOR = {Kyung Hwan Kim and Sung June Kim},
TITLE = {A wavelet-based method for action potential detection
from extracellular neural signal recording with low
signal-to-noise ratio},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {50},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {999--1011},
ABSTRACT = {We present a method for the detection of action
potentials, an essential first step in the analysis of
extracellular neural signals. The low signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) and similarity of spectral characteristic
between the target signal and background noise are
obstacles to solving this problem and, thus, in
previous studies on experimental neurophysiology, only
action potentials with sufficiently large amplitude
have been detected and analyzed. In order to lower the
level of SNR required for successful detection, we
propose an action potential detector based on a prudent
combination of wavelet coefficients of multiple scales
and demonstrate its performance for neural signal
recording with varying degrees of similarity between
signal and noise. The experimental data include
recordings from the rat somatosensory cortex, the giant
medial nerve of crayfish, and the cutaneous nerve of
bullfrog. The proposed method was tested for various
SNR values and degrees of spectral similarity. The
method was superior to the Teager energy operator and
even comparable to or better than the optimal linear
detector. A detection ratio higher than 80\% at a false
alarm ratio lower than 10\% was achieved, under an SNR
of 2.35 for the rat cortex data where the spectral
similarity was very high.},
KEYWORDS = {bioelectric potentials biological techniques
cellular biophysics neurophysiology signal
detection signal processing somatosensory
phenomena spectral analysis wavelet transforms
action potential detection bullfrog crayfish
cutaneous nerve detection ratio extracellular
neural signal recording extracellular neural signals
analysis giant medial nerve low signal-to-noise
ratio multiple scales neural signal recording rat
cortex data rat somatosensory cortex spectral
similarity spectral similarity degree},
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSpike_Sorting/Kim_BME_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Oweiss_EMBS_2002,
AUTHOR = {Oweiss, K. G. and Anderson, D. J.},
TITLE = {A Unified Framework for Advancing Array Signal
Processing Technology of Multichannel Microprobe Neural
Recording Devices},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. {IEEE}--{EMBS} Special Topic Conference on
Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology},
ADDRESS = {Madison, WI},
ABSTRACT = {In this work, we describe a novel framework aimed at
enhancing the communication and signal processing
technology of microimplanted devices used for recording
and stimulating neural cells. The power of the proposed
framework stems from providing simple algorithms, yet
efficient signal processing power that is suitable for
on-chip microprobe design. The framework unifies our
previous work on multiresolution analysis and array
processing that was aimed at performing typical neural
signal processing tasks such as noise suppression,
source detection and separation, and information
coding. Strategies for optimizing the information
transfer have shown to greatly benefit from the optimal
array processing mechanisms used and the compression
achieved by expressing the data in the multiresolution
domain. We demonstrate through simulated and
experimental results that the framework provides the
basis for simple and practical implementation for
today's biosensor array technology requirements without
compromising issues of bandwidth, detection and
classification.},
KEYWORDS = {array signal processing bioelectric potentials
biomedical electrodes discrete wavelet transforms
medical signal processing microelectrodes
neurophysiology signal classification signal
reconstruction MASSIT algorithm Poisson processes SVD
module additive noise array model array signal
processing technology biosensor array technology
cascade of modules data compression information coding
microimplanted devices microprobe neural recording
devices multichannel neural recording multiresolution
analysis neural signal processing noise suppression
on-chip microprobe design optimal array processing
mechanisms orthonormal set of eigenvectors rank ordered
set signal reconstruction source detection source
separation spike detection module unified framework
user interface wavelet transform},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Oweiss_EMBS_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Hanein_SensActB_2001,
AUTHOR = {Yael Hanein and Y. Vickie Pan and Buddy D. Ratner and
Denice D. Denton and Karl F. B{\"ohringer}},
TITLE = {Micromachining of non-fouling coatings for bio-{MEMS}
applications},
JOURNAL = {Sens. Actuators B Chem.},
VOLUME = {81},
PAGES = {49--54},
ABSTRACT = {Standard photolithography is used to pattern a poly
(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-like polymer onto silicon
substrates. The coating has excellent non-fouling
properties and good adhesion to various substrate
materials, such as silicon, oxide, nitride, gold, and
platinum. This method allows precise control of the
shape, size, and alignment of the polymer, thus
providing a reliable tool to pattern protein sheets as
well a cell cultures. This method also enables the
incorporation of patternened cell cultures with various
predefined elements such as electrodes, channels, and
sensors. To demonstrate the properties of our
technique, we apply it to build cell cultures and to
protect metallic electrodes from protein and cell
adhesion. We show that the thin coatings provide
excellent protection without compromising the
conductivity of the electrodes.},
KEYWORDS = {Bio-MEMS; Bio-fouling; Proteins; Cell cultures},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
OPTNUMBER = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFiles/Non-fouling_coatings/Micromachining of
non-fouling coatings for bio-MEMS applications.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Ji_JSSC_1992,
AUTHOR = {Jin Ji and Kensall D. Wise},
TITLE = {An implantable {CMOS} circuit interface for
multiplexed microelectrode recording arrays},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {27},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {433--443},
ABSTRACT = {A second-generation multichannel probe designed for
measuring single-unit activity in neural structures is
described. The probe includes CMOS circuitry for
electronically positioning the recording sites with
respect to the active neurons and for amplifying and
multiplexing the recorded signals. The probe selects
eight active recording sites from among 32 on the probe
shank using a static input channel selector. The neural
signals on the selected channels are then amplified and
multiplexed to the outside world. The probe offers a
typical AC gain of 300 (15~Hz to 7~kHz), a DC gain of
0.3, and an equivalent input noise of $15~\mu V_{rms}$.
Operating from a single 5-V supply, the probe
dissipates 2.5~mW of power and implements channel
selection, self-testing, data output, and
initialization using three external leads. The probe is
realized using 12 masks in a high-yield single-sided
dissolved wafer process with a $3 \mu m$ feature size
for the circuitry and a $3~\mu m$ pitch on the
electrode shanks },
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Ji_JSSC_1992.pdf},
YEAR = 1992
}
@ARTICLE{Thiebaud_BiosensBioelec_1999,
AUTHOR = {Pierre T{hi\'ebaud} and Cynthia Beuret and Milena
Koudelka-Hep and Marco Bove and Sergio Martinoia and
Massimo Grattarola and Henrik Jahnsen and Renata
Rebaudo and Maurizio Balestrino and Jens Zimmer and
Yves Dupont},
TITLE = {An array of {Pt-tip} microelectrodes for extracellular
monitoring of activity of brain slices},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {14},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {61--65},
ABSTRACT = {A microelectrode array (MEA) consisting of 34 silicon
nitride passivated Pt-tip microelectrodes embedded on a
perforated silicon substrate (porosity 35\%) has been
realized. The electrodes are $47~\mu m$ high, of which
only the top 15~um are exposed Pt-tips having a
curvature of $0.5~mu m$. The MEA is intended for
extracellular recordings of brain slices in vitro. Here
we report the fabrication, characterization and initial
electrophysiological evaluation of the first generation
of Pt-tip MEAs.},
KEYWORDS = {extracellular recording; impedance; microelectrode
arrays; Pt-tip microelectrode; microelectrode; brain
function; silicon nitride; silicon},
MONTH = JAN,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Thiebaud_BiosensBioelec_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{vanderSchalie_EnvironHealthPerspect_1999,
AUTHOR = {van der Schalie, William H. and Gardner, Jr, Hank S.
and Bantle, John A. and De Rosa, Chris T. and Finch,
Robert A. and Reif, John S. and Reuter, Roy H. and
Backer, Lorraine C. and Burger, Joanna and Folmar,
Leroy C. and Stokes, William S.},
TITLE = {Animals as sentinels of human health hazards of
environmental chemicals.},
JOURNAL = {Environ. Health Perspect.},
VOLUME = {107},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {309--315},
ABSTRACT = {Discusses the use of sentinel and surrogate animal
species data for evaluating the potential effects of
chemicals and pollutants to humans. Data as an
additional weight of evidence in risk assessment;
Factors impending the application of sentinel species
approaches.},
MONTH = APR,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesMisc/vanderSchalie_EnvironHealthPerspect_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Csicsvari_JN_2003,
AUTHOR = {Jozsef Csicsvari and Darrell A. Henze and Brian
Jamieson and Kenneth D. Harris and Anton Sirota and
P{\'{e}ter} B{arth\'{o}} and Kensall D. Wise and
G{y\"{o}rgy} B{uzs\'{a}ki}},
TITLE = {Massively Parallel Recording of Unit and Local Field
Potentials With Silicon-Based Electrodes},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurophysiol.},
VOLUME = {90},
PAGES = {1314--1323},
ABSTRACT = {Parallel recording of neuronal activity in the
behaving animal is a prerequisite for our understanding
of neuronal representation and storage of information.
Here we describe the development of micro-machined
silicon microelectrode arrays for unit and local field
recordings. The two-dimensional probes with 96 or 64
recording sites provided high-density recording of unit
and field activity with minimal tissue displacement or
damage. The on-chip active circuit eliminated movement
and other artifacts and greatly reduced the weight of
the headgear. The precise geometry of the recording
tips allowed for the estimation of the spatial location
of the recorded neurons and for high-resolution
estimation of extracellular current source density.
Action potentials could be simultaneously recorded from
the soma and dendrites of the same neurons. Silicon
technology is a promising approach for high-density,
high-resolution sampling of neuronal activity in both
basic research and prosthetic devices.},
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Csicsvari_JN_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Nyikos_ElectrochimActa_1985,
AUTHOR = {L. Nyikos and T. Pajkossy},
TITLE = {Fractal dimension and fractional power
frequency-dependent impedance of blocking electrodes},
JOURNAL = {Electrochim. Acta},
VOLUME = {30},
NUMBER = {11},
PAGES = {1533--1540},
ABSTRACT = {A general treatment of the effect of surface roughness
on the impedance of ideally polarizable (blocking)
electrodes is proposed. In terms of fractal geometry,
surface irregularities are characterized solely by the
effective fractional dimension, D. The advantage of
this approach is that the structure of the
irregularities is irrelevant if the surface is
self-similar. The admittance, Y, of self-similar
blocking electrodes is shown to depend on the frequency
$\omega$ as $Y = \sigma\left(i^{\alpha}\right)$, ie,
any blocking electrode with fractal surface behaves as
a constant phase element (CPE) observed experimentally
in many and diverse systems. The fractional exponent
$\alpha$ is directly related to $D$ as $\alpha =
1/\left(D - 1\right)$, hence $\alpha$ can be regarded
as a measure of surface roughness. The coefficient
$\sigma$ is shown to be a simple explicit function of
electrolyte conductivity and double-layer capacitance
thus enabling one to study the latter even when the
interface behaves as a CPE instead of being an ideal
capacitance.},
MONTH = NOV,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Nyikos_ElectrochimActa_1985.pdf},
YEAR = 1985
}
@ARTICLE{Kamath_JSSC_1974,
AUTHOR = {Kamath, B.Yeshwant T. and Meyer, Robert G. and Gray,
Paul R.},
TITLE = {Relationship between frequency response and settling
time of operational amplifiers},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {9},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {347--352},
ABSTRACT = {The effects of pole-zero pairs (doublets) on the
frequency response and settling time of operational
amplifiers are explored using analytical techniques and
computer simulation. It is shown that doublets which
produce only minor changes in circuit frequency
response can produce major changes in settling time.
The importance of doublet spacing and frequency are
examined. It is shown that settling time always
improves as doublet spacing is reduced whereas the
effect of doublet frequency is different for 0.1 and
0.01 percent error bands. Finally it is shown that
simple analytical formulas can be used to estimate the
influence of frequency doublets on amplifier settling
time.},
KEYWORDS = {Computer-aided circuit analysis Frequency response
Operational amplifiers Poles and zeros Simulation
computer-aided circuit analysis frequency response
operational amplifiers poles and zeros simulation},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Kamath_JSSC_1974.pdf},
YEAR = 1974
}
@ARTICLE{Fisher_JSSC_1985,
AUTHOR = {John A. Fisher},
TITLE = {A High-Perfomance {CMOS} Power Amplifier},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {20},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1200-1205},
ABSTRACT = {A high-performance CMOS power amplifier consisting of
a new input stager especially suited to power amplifier
applications and a variation on a class AB output stage
is presented. The amplifier has been fabricated using a
conventional silicon gate p-well process. The
configuration results in several performance
improvements over previously reported high-output
current amplifiers without requiring process
enhancements. Design details and experimental results
are described.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS integrated circuits Linear integrated circuits
Power amplifiers linear integrated circuits power
amplifiers},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Fisher_JSSC_1985.pdf},
YEAR = 1985
}
@ARTICLE{Zeck_PNAS_2001,
AUTHOR = {Gunther Zeck and Peter Fromherz},
TITLE = {Noninvasive Neuroelectronic Interfacing with
Synaptically Connected Snail Neurons Immobilized on a
Semiconductor Chip},
JOURNAL = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
VOLUME = {98},
NUMBER = {18},
PAGES = {10457--10462},
ABSTRACT = { A hybrid circuit of a semiconductor chip and
synaptically connected neurons was implemented and
characterized. Individual nerve cells from the snail
Lymnaea stagnalis were immobilized on a silicon chip by
microscopic picket fences of polyimide. The cells
formed a network with electrical synapses after
outgrowth in brain conditioned medium. Pairs of neurons
were electronically interfaced for noninvasive
stimulation and recording. Voltage pulses were applied
to a capacitive stimulator on the chip to excite the
attached neuron. Signals were transmitted in the
neuronal net and elicited an action potential in a
second neuron. The postsynaptic excitation modulated
the current of a transistor on the chip. The
implementation of the silicon-neuron-neuron-silicon
circuit constitutes a proof-of-principle experiment for
the development of neuroelectronic systems to be used
in studies on neuronal signal processing,
neurocomputation, and neuroprosthetics.},
MONTH = AUG,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Zeck_PNAS_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Keefer_J_Neurophys_2001,
AUTHOR = {Edward W. Keefer and Alexandra Gramowski and Guenter
W. Gross},
TITLE = {{NMDA} Receptor-Dependent Periodic Oscillations in
Cultured Spinal Cord Networks},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurophysiology},
VOLUME = {86},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {3030--3042},
ABSTRACT = {Cultured spinal cord networks grown on microelectrode
arrays display complex patterns of spontaneous burst
and spike activity. During disinhibition with
bicuculline and strychnine, synchronized burst patterns
routinely emerge. However, the variability of both
intra- and interculture burst periods and durations are
typically large under these conditions. As a further
step in simplification of synaptic interactions, we
blocked excitatory AMPA synapses with
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzoquinoxaline-7-sulphonamide
(NBQX), resulting in network activity mediated through
the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAONLY).
This activity was APV sensitive. The oscillation under
NMDAONLY conditions at $37~^{\circ}C$ was characterized
by a period of 2.9±0.3~s (16 separate cultures). More
than 98\% of all neurons recorded participated in this
highly rhythmic activity. The temporal coefficients of
variation, reflecting the rhythmic nature of the
oscillation, were 3.7, 4.7, and 4.9\% for burst rate,
burst duration, and interburst interval, respectively
[mean coefficients of variation (CVs) for 16 cultures].
The oscillation persisted for at least 12~h without
change (maximum observation time). Once established, it
was not perturbed by agents that block mGlu receptors,
GABAB receptors, cholinergic receptors, purinergic
receptors, tachykinin receptors, serotonin (5-HT)
receptors, dopamine receptors, electrical synapses,
burst afterhyperpolarization, NMDA receptor
desensitization, or the hyperpolarization-activated
current. However, the oscillation was destroyed by bath
application of NMDA (20--$50~\mu M$). These results
suggest a presynaptic mechanism underlying this
periodic rhythm that is solely dependent on the NMDA
synapse. When the AMPA/kainate synapse was the sole
driving force (n~=~6), the resulting burst patterns
showed much higher variability and did not develop the
highly periodic, synchronized nature of the NMDAONLY
activity. Network size or age did not appear to
influence the reliability of expression of the NMDAONLY
activity pattern. For this reason, we suggest that the
NMDAONLY condition unmasks a fundamental rhythmogenic
mechanism of possible functional importance during
periods of NMDA receptor-dominated activity, such as
embryonic and early postnatal development.},
MONTH = DEC,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Keefer_J_Neurophys_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Obeid_JNM_2004_B,
AUTHOR = {Iyad Obeid and Miguel A. L. Nicolelis and Patrick D.
Wolf},
TITLE = {A multichannel telemetry system for single unit neural
recordings},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {133},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {33--38},
ABSTRACT = {We present the design, testing, and evaluation of a 16
channel wearable telemetry system to facilitate
multichannel single unit recordings from freely moving
test subjects. Our design is comprised of (1) a
16-channel analog front end board to condition and
sample signals derived from implanted neural
electrodes, (2) a digital board for processing and
buffering the digitized waveforms, and (3) an
index-card sized 486~PC equipped with an {IEEE}~802.11b
wireless ethernet card. Digitized data (up to 12 bits
of resolution at 31.25~k~samples/s per channel) is
transferred to the PC and sent to a nearby host
computer on a wireless local area network. Up to 12 of
the 16 channels were transmitted simultaneously for
sustained periods at a range of 9~m. The device
measures $5.1~cm~\times~8.1~cm~\times~12.4~cm$, weighs
235~g, and is powered from rechargeable lithium ion
batteries with a lifespan of 45~min at maximum
transmission power. The device was successfully used to
record signals from awake, chronically implanted
macaque and owl monkeys.},
KEYWORDS = {Neural telemetry; Single unit recording; Wireless;
Neural data acquisition; Portable},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Obeid_JNM_2004_B.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Linares-Barranco_JSSC_2003,
AUTHOR = {B{ernab\'{e}} Linares-Barranco and Teresa
Serrano-Gotarrendona},
TITLE = {On the design and characterization of femtoampere
current-mode circuits},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {38},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {1353--1363},
ABSTRACT = {In this paper, we show and validate a reliable circuit
design technique based on source voltage shifting for
current-mode signal processing down to femtoamperes.
The technique involves specific-current extractors and
logarithmic current splitters for obtaining on-chip
subpicoampere currents. It also uses a special on-chip
sawtooth oscillator to monitor and measure currents
down to a few femtoamperes. This way, subpicoampere
currents are characterized without driving them off
chip and requiring expensive instrumentation with
complicated low leakage setups. A special current
mirror is also introduced for reliably replicating such
low currents. As an example, a simple log-domain
first-order low-pass filter is implemented that uses a
100-fF capacitor and a 3.5-fA bias current to achieve a
cutoff frequency of 0.5~Hz. A technique for
characterizing noise at these currents is also
described and verified. Finally, transistor mismatch
measurements are provided and discussed. Experimental
measurements are shown throughout the paper, obtained
from prototypes fabricated in the AMS $0.35~\mu m$
three-metal two-poly standard CMOS process.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS analogue integrated circuits current mirrors
current-mode circuits integrated circuit design
leakage currents low-pass filters 0.35 micron 0.5
Hz 100 fF 3.5 fA current mirror current-mode
signal processing cutoff frequency femtoampere
current-mode circuits leakage setups log-domain
first-order low-pass filter logarithmic current
splitters on-chip sawtooth oscillator on-chip
subpicoampere currents source voltage shifting
specific-current extractors three-metal two-poly
standard CMOS transistor mismatch},
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Linares-Barranco_JSSC_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Hentall_JNM_1991,
AUTHOR = {Ian D. Hentall},
TITLE = {Coincident recording and stimulation of single and
multiple neuronal activity with one extracellular
microelectrode},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {40},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {181--191},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes how an extracellular
microelectrode may be used to stimulate neurons with
brief, rectangular pulses and afterwards directly
record the resultant activity. Two obstacles are the
stimulus artifact lingering in the electrical circuitry
and transient tip potentials (TTPs) arising from ion
depletion at the electrode-tissue interface. Electronic
switching between the stimulus source and the recording
amplifier eliminates direct stimulus artifact from the
electrical circuitry, although high but acceptable
switching artifact remains. TTPs revert with time
constants that are prominent in the desired recording
(0.1--1~ms) and can reach 50~mV when more than $1~\mu
A$ passes through a typical electrolyte-filled
micropipette (for example 2--4~M$\Omega$, filled with
3~M NaCl, and placed in 0.1~M NaCl). They are always
negative when cations flow into the tip, they are
accompanied by a rise in microelectrode impedance, and
they increase as a function of the resting electrode
impedance, the duration and amplitude of applied
current, and the dilution of the external electrolyte.
TTPs were subtracted by differential recording and
stimulation through matched micropipettes (one in the
brain and one in contiguous electrolyte) and in
addition were reduced by pressure ejection of
electrolyte. Directly elicited spikes (single or
multiple) were detected about 0.5 ms after delivery of
a rectangular stimulus pulse in the cerebellar cortex
of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Typically, 3--4
units could be excited by less than $3~\mu A$ cathodal
currents at any recording site. All-or-nothing
properties, thresholds, and refractoriness to a second
pulse within 2--4~ms verified the neuronal nature of
the recorded signals. Complex wave forms, probably
generated synaptically, were also seen. The technique
of coincident extracellular recording and stimulation
can be used as a universal search stimulus during
microelectrode penetrations through the brain and in
determining threshold--distance relations for
extracellular stimulation. Where cell penetrations are
unstable, it might be usefully substituted for
intracellular technique in testing a neuron's
behavioral or physiological influences or in exploring
a cell membrane's response to drugs (in terms of
excitability rather than voltage and impedance).},
KEYWORDS = {Extracellular recording; Stimulation method; Single
neurons},
MONTH = DEC,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Hentall_JNM_1991.pdf},
YEAR = 1991
}
@ARTICLE{Spinelli_BME_2003,
AUTHOR = {Enrique Mario Spinelli and Ramon P{all\`{a}s-Areny}
and Miguel Angel Mayosky},
TITLE = {{AC}-coupled front-end for biopotential measurements},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {50},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {391--395},
ABSTRACT = {AC coupling is essential in biopotential measurements.
Electrode offset potentials can be several orders of
magnitude larger than the amplitudes of the biological
signals of interest, thus limiting the admissible gain
of a dc-coupled front end to prevent amplifier
saturation. A high-gain input stage needs ac input
coupling. This can be achieved by series capacitors,
but in order to provide a bias path, grounded resistors
are usually included, which degrade the common mode
rejection ratio (CMRR). This paper proposes a novel
balanced input ac-coupling network that provides a bias
path without any connection to ground, thus resulting
in a high CMRR. The circuit being passive, it does not
limit the differential dc input voltage. Furthermore,
differential signals are ac coupled, whereas
common-mode voltages are dc coupled, thus allowing the
closed-loop control of the dc common mode voltage by
means of a driven-right-leg circuit. This makes the
circuit compatible with common-mode dc shifting
strategies intended for single-supply biopotential
amplifiers. The proposed circuit allows the
implementation of high-gain biopotential amplifiers
with a reduced number of parts, thus resulting in low
power consumption. An electrocardiogram amplifier built
according to the proposed design achieves a CMRR of
123~dB at 50~Hz.},
KEYWORDS = {bioelectric potentials biomedical electrodes
biomedical electronics closed loop systems
electrocardiography instrumentation amplifiers 50
Hz AC-coupled front-end balanced input ac-coupling
network bias path biological signals biopotential
measurements closed-loop control common mode
rejection ratio common-mode dc shifting strategies
dc common mode voltage dc coupled common-mode
voltages design differential dc input voltage
differential signals driven-right-leg circuit
electrocardiogram amplifier electrode offset
potentials grounded resistors high-gain
biopotential amplifiers high-gain input stage low
power consumption series capacitors single-supply
biopotential amplifiers},
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Spinelli_BME_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Enz_AnalogIC_SP_1995,
AUTHOR = {Christian C. Enz and F{ran\c{c}ois} Krummenacher and
Eric A. Vittoz},
TITLE = {An Analytical {MOS} Transistor Model Valid in All
Regions of Operation and Dedicated to Low-Voltage and
Low-Current Applications},
JOURNAL = {Analog Integrat. Circuits Signal Process.},
VOLUME = {8},
PAGES = {83--114},
ABSTRACT = {A fully analytical MOS transistor model dedicated to
the design and analysis of low-voltage, low-current
analog circuits is presented. All the large and
small-signal variables, namely the currents, the
transconductances, the intrinsic capacitances, the
non-quasi-static transadmittances and the thermal noise
are continuous in all regions of operation, including
weak inversion, moderate inversion, strong inversion,
conduction, and saturation. The same approach is used
to derive all the equations of the model: the weak and
strong inversion asymptotes are first derived, then the
variables of interest are normalized and linked using
an appropriate interpolation function. The model
exploits the inherent symmetry of the device by
referring all the voltages to the local substrate. It
is shown that the inversion $Q'_{inv}$ is controlled by
the voltage differencd $V_p - V_{ch}$, where $V_{ch}$
is the channel voltage, defined as the difference
between the quasi-Fermi potentials of the carriers. The
pinch-off voltage $V_p$ is defined as the particular
value of $V_{ch}$ such that the inversion charge is
zero for a given gate voltage. It depends only on the
gate voltage and can be interpreted as the equivalent
effect of the gate voltage referred to the channel. The
various modes of operation of the transistor are then
presented in terms of voltages $V_p - V_s$ and $V_p -
V_d$. Using the charge sheet model with the assumption
of constant doping in the channel, the drain current
$I_d$ is derived and expressed as the difference
between a forward component $I_f$ and a reverse
component $I_r$. Each of these is proportional to a
function of $V_p - V_s$, respectively $V_p - V_d$,
through a specific current $I_s$. This function is
exponential in weak inversion and quadratic in strong
inversion. The current in the moderate inversion is
then modelled by using an appropriate interpolation
function resulting in a continuous expression valid
from weak to strong inversion. A quasi-static
small-signal model including the transconductances and
the intrinsic capacitances are modelled in moderate
inversion using the same interpolation function and
without any additional parameters. This small-signal
model is then extended to higher frequencies by
replacing the transconductances by first order
transadmittances obtained from a non-quasi-static
calculation. All these transadmittances have the same
characteristic time constant which depends on the bias
conditions in a continuous manner. To complete the
model, a general expression for the thermal noise valid
in all regions of operation is derived. This model has
been successfully implemented in several computer
simulation programs and has only 9 physical parameters,
3 fine tuning fitting coefficients and 2 additional
temperature parameters.},
KEYWORDS = {MOS transistor, device modeling, low-voltage,
low-current},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Enz_AnalogIC_SP_1995.pdf},
YEAR = 1995
}
@ARTICLE{Jimbo_Biophys_1999,
AUTHOR = {Yasuhiko Jimbo and Takashi Tateno and Hugh Robinson},
TITLE = {Simultaneous induction of pathway-specific
potentiation and depression in networks of cortical
neurons.},
JOURNAL = {Biophys. J.},
VOLUME = {76},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {670--678},
ABSTRACT = {Activity-dependent modification of synaptic efficacy
is widely recognized as a cellular basis of learning,
memory, and developmental plasticity. Little is known,
however, of the consequences of such modification on
network activity. Using electrode arrays, we examined
how a single, localized tetanic stimulus affects the
firing of up to 72 neurons recorded simultaneously in
cultured networks of cortical neurons, in response to
activation through 64 different test stimulus pathways.
The same tetanus produced potentiated transmission in
some stimulus pathways and depressed transmission in
others. Unexpectedly, responses were homogeneous: for
any one stimulus pathway, neuronal responses were
either all enhanced or all depressed. Cross-correlation
of responses with the responses elicited through the
tetanized site revealed that both enhanced and
depressed responses followed a common principle:
activity that was closely correlated before tetanus
with spikes elicited through the tetanized pathway was
enhanced, whereas activity outside a 40-ms time window
of correlation to tetanic pathway spikes was depressed.
Response homogeneity could result from pathway-specific
recurrently excitatory circuits, whose gain is
increased or decreased by the tetanus, according to its
cross-correlation with the tetanized pathway response.
The results show how spatial responses following
localized tetanic stimuli, although complex, can be
accounted for by a simple rule for activity-dependent
modification.},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Jimbo_Biophys_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Zhang_JNM_2004,
AUTHOR = {Pu-Ming Zhang and Jin-Yong Wu and Yi Zhou and Pei-Ji
Liang and Jing-Qi Yuan},
TITLE = {Spike sorting based on automatic template
reconstruction with a partial solution to the
overlapping problem},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {135},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {55--65},
ABSTRACT = {A new method for spike sorting is proposed which
partly solves the overlapping problem. Principal
component analysis and subtractive clustering
techniques are used to estimate the number of neurons
contributing to multi-unit recording. Spike templates
(i.e. waveforms) are reconstructed according to the
clustering results. A template-matching procedure is
then performed. Firstly all temporally displaced
templates are compared with the spike event to find the
best-fitting template that yields the minimum residue
variance. If the residue passes the $\chi^2$-test, the
matching procedure stops and the spike event is
classified as the best-fitting template. Otherwise the
spike event may be an overlapping waveform. The
procedure is then repeated with all possible
combinations of two templates, three templates, etc.
Once one combination is found, which yields the minimum
residue variance among the combinations of the same
number of component templates and makes the residue
pass the $\chi^2$-test, the matching procedure stops.
It is unnecessary to check the remaining combinations
of more templates. Consequently, the computational
effort is reduced and the over-fitting problem can be
partly avoided. A simulated spike train was used to
assess the performance of the proposed method, which
was also applied to a real recording of chicken retina
ganglion cells.},
KEYWORDS = {Author Keywords: Spike sorting; Template-matching;
$\chi^2$-Test; Overlapping; Principal component
analysis; Subtractive clustering},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSpike_Sorting/Zhang_JNM_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Guillory_JNM_1999,
AUTHOR = {Guillory, K. S. and Normann, Richard A.},
TITLE = {A 100-channel system for real time detection and
storage of extracellular spike waveforms},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {91},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {21--29},
ABSTRACT = {As extracellular electrode arrays with 100 or more
active recording sites become more widely used for
simultaneous recording of neural ensembles, practical
data acquisition systems that can efficiently
accommodate high electrode counts are needed. To reduce
the high data rates associated with extracellular
recordings from these arrays, various algorithms and
systems have been designed to provide complete online
detection and classification of extracellular spike
waveforms. However, many of these algorithms require
significant user supervision to ensure accurate
performance. In this paper, we discuss the design and
validation of a 100-channel PC-based system that can be
used with arrays of extracellular electrodes such as
the Utah Electrode Array. Instead of comprehensive
online spike analysis, the system performs online
detection and storage of the spike waveforms for
offline classification. This strategy preserves the
data of interest, reduces system complexity, and
requires less user supervision during experiments.},
KEYWORDS = {Multi-channel; Extracellular; Electrode; Spikes;
Acquisition; Real-time},
MONTH = SEP,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Guillory_JNM_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Grumet_JNM_2000,
AUTHOR = {Andrew E. Grumet and Wyatt, Jr, John L. and Rizzo,
III, Joseph F.},
TITLE = {Multi-electrode stimulation and recording in the
isolated retina},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {101},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {31--42},
ABSTRACT = {As part of an exploration of the feasibility of an
epi-retinal prosthesis, we developed an experimental
method to electrically stimulate and record from
retinal neurons using a micro-fabricated
multi-electrode array. An isolated retina is placed on
an array of 10~um diameter disk electrodes with the
ganglion cell side of the retina facing the electrode
surfaces. The retina is bathed in oxygenated Ames'
medium and warmed in order to sustain it in vitro for
the duration of an experiment, typically 4--9~h. To
reduce stimulus artifacts, the electrodes are grouped
into two clusters---one used for stimulation and the
other for recording---spaced several hundred microns
apart, and electrodes are insulated with both silicon
nitride and a $10~\mu m$ thick layer of polyimide.
Stimuli are delivered to the array using an optically
isolated current source stimulator, and the resulting
responses recorded with an eight channel nerve response
amplifier. Stimulation and recording are performed
under computer control. A variety of physiologic
measurements is described in order to illustrate the
strengths and drawbacks of this method.},
KEYWORDS = {Electrode array; Extracellular stimulation; Electric
stimulation; Retina; Rabbit; Neural recording},
MONTH = AUG,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Grumet_JNM_2000.pdf},
YEAR = 2000
}
@ARTICLE{Novak_JNM_1988,
AUTHOR = {J. L. Novak and B. C. Wheeler},
TITLE = {Multisite hippocampal slice recording and stimulation
using a 32 element microelectrode array},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {23},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {239--247},
ABSTRACT = {A technique has been developed in which a planar array
of 32 microelectrodes, arranged in a 4 by 8 pattern
with $200~\mu m$ separation, is used to record from and
stimulate the hippocampal slice preparation at multiple
sites. Control of media flow past the tissue is
critical to observe signals and preserve viability.
Active supression circuitry is used to prevent device
saturation due to large stimulation artifacts. The
field potentials recorded are spatially unique and
provide a 2-dimensional description of the underlying
population activity in the various pyramidal strata and
subpopulations. Multisite stimulation is also possible
with the array, permitting the experimenter to quickly
stimulate and record from brain slices in many spatial
patterns.},
KEYWORDS = {Multichannel recordings; Multisite stimulation;
Electrode array; Hippocampal slice; Brain slice},
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Novak_JNM_1988.pdf},
YEAR = 1988
}
@BOOK{Mead_1989,
AUTHOR = {Carver Mead},
TITLE = {Analog {VLSI} and Neural Systems},
PUBLISHER = {Addison-Wesley},
YEAR = 1989
}
@ARTICLE{Monticelli_JSSC_1986,
AUTHOR = {Dennis M. Monticelli},
TITLE = {A quad {CMOS} single-supply op amp with rail-to-rail
output swing},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {21},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1026--1034},
ABSTRACT = {The realization of a commercially viable,
general-purpose quad CMOS amplifier is presented, along
with discussions of the tradeoffs involved in such a
design. The amplifier features an output swing that
extends to either supply rail, together with an input
common-mode range that includes ground. The device is
especially well suited for single-supply operation and
is fully specified for operation from 5 to 15~V over a
temperature range of -55 to $+125~^{\circ}C$. In the
areas of input offset voltage, offset voltage drift,
input noise voltage, voltage gain, and load driving
capability, this implementation offers performance that
equals or exceeds that of popular general-purpose quads
or bipolar of Bi-FET construction. On a 5-V supply the
typical $V_{os}$ is 1~mv, $V_{os}$ drift is $1.3~\mu
V/~^{\circ}C$, 1-kHz noise is $36~nV~Hz^{1/2}$, and
gain is one million into a $600~\Omega$ load. This
device achieves its performance through circuit design
and layout techniques as opposed to special analog CMOS
processing, thus lending itself to use on system chips
built with digital CMOS technology.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS integrated circuits Linear integrated circuits
Operational amplifiers linear integrated circuits
operational amplifiers},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Monticelli_JSSC_1986.pdf},
YEAR = 1986
}
@ARTICLE{Oweiss_Neurocomp_2001,
AUTHOR = {Karim G. Oweiss and David J. Anderson},
TITLE = {Noise reduction in multichannel neural recordings
using a new array wavelet denoising algorithm},
JOURNAL = {Neurocomputing},
VOLUME = {38--40},
PAGES = {1687--1693},
ABSTRACT = {We investigate a new technique for noise reduction in
multichannel neural recordings based on the discrete
wavelet transform. Starting with the denoising
technique proposed by Donoho et al. (IEEE Trans.
Inform. Theory 41 (1995) 613--627), we suggest a new
thresholding method for the multiresolution
decomposition of the multichannel data. The potential
of this technique lies in the fact that thresholds at
different resolution levels of the wavelet transform
are estimated spatially to account for significant
correlation of the wavelet coefficients across
channels. The method is applied to a simulated
multichannel data as well as real silicon microprobe
recordings obtained in our laboratory. Preliminary
results show the ability of the technique to reduce
both spatially correlated and uncorrelated noise
components in the neural recordings. Results are
compared to existing techniques and the overall
performance is evaluated.},
KEYWORDS = {Multichannel recording; Silicon probes; Array
processing; Wavelet denoising},
MONTH = JUN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Signal_Processing/Oweiss_Neurocomp_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Borkholder_JNM_1997,
AUTHOR = {D. A. Borkholder and J. Bao and N. I. Maluf and E. R.
Perl and G. T. A. Kovacs},
TITLE = {Microelectrode arrays for stimulation of neural slice
preparations},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {77},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {61--66},
ABSTRACT = {A planar 6×6 array of iridium electrodes with four
reference electrodes has been developed for use with
neural tissue preparations. Precise knowledge of the
relative locations of the array elements allows for
spatial neurophysiological analyses. The $10~\mu m$
diameter platinized iridium electrodes on a $100~\mu m$
pitch have been used to stimulate acutely prepared
slices of spinal cord from free-ranging rodents. An
intracellular recording from a single neuron in the
substantia gelatinosa (SG) using the whole-cell,
tight-seal technique allowed low noise, high resolution
studies of excitatory or inhibitory electrical
responses of a given neuron to inputs from the primary
afferent fibers or from stimulation by individual
electrodes of the array. The resulting maps of
responses provide an indication of the
interconnectivity of neural processes. The pattern
emerging is that of limited interconnectivity in the SG
from areas surrounding a recorded neuron but with
strong excitatory or inhibitory effects from those
oriented in a longitudinal (rostral--caudal) direction
relative to the neuron. The observations to date
suggest the neurons of the SG are arranged in sets of
independent networks, possibly related to sensory
modality and input from particular body regions.},
KEYWORDS = {Spinal cord slice; Microelectrode array; Substantia
gelatinosa; Focal stimulation; Fabrication},
MONTH = NOV,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Borkholder_JNM_1997.pdf},
YEAR = 1997
}
@MISC{BRP_Proposal,
AUTHOR = {Stephen P. DeWeerth and others},
TITLE = {A {3-D} Microfluidic/electronic Neural Interface
System: \emph{In Vitro} Studies of Neural Networks,
Plasticity, and Injury},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTHOWPUBLISHED = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
OPTYEAR = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesMisc/BRP_Proposal.pdf}
}
@ARTICLE{Thomas_ExptlCellRes_1972,
AUTHOR = {Thomas, Jr, C. A. and P. A. Springer and G. E. Loeb
and Y. Berwald-Netter and L. M. Okun},
TITLE = {A Miniature Microelectrode Array to Monitor the
Bioelectric Activity of Cultured Cells},
JOURNAL = {Exptl. Cell Res.},
VOLUME = {74},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {61--66},
ABSTRACT = {Electrical activity can be recorded extracellularly
from contracting heart cells in vitro with the
electrodes of 30-element microelectrode arrays built
into the culture chambers. The arrays are fabricated in
the laboratory by etching thin metal films deposited on
glass coverslips; the fabrication employs techniques
developed by the microelectronics industry.},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Thomas_ExptlCellRes_1972.pdf},
YEAR = 1972
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Pine_EMBC_2003,
AUTHOR = {Jerome Pine},
TITLE = {Studying Mammalian Neurons \emph{in vitro} with
Multielectrode Arrays},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the {IEEE} Engineering in Medicine and
Biology Conference},
PAGES = {3686--3689},
ADDRESS = {Cancun, Mexico},
ABSTRACT = {The basic principles for recording and stimulation
with extracellular electrodes are described and how
they relate to the use of multielectrode arrays, MEAs,
for studies of neural networks in culture. The main
engineering issues for building arrays are described,
and some examples are given of their use. The
``neurochip'' which has evolved from standard arrays is
described, as well as other possible future
developments.},
KEYWORDS = {Neurons, networks, cultures, multielectrode},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Pine_EMBC_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Sarpeshkar_CirDevMag_1993,
AUTHOR = {Rahul Sarpeshkar and Tobias D{elbr\"{u}ck} and Carver
A. Mead},
TITLE = {White Noise in {MOS} Transistors and Resistors},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Circuits Devices Mag.},
VOLUME = {9},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {23--29},
ABSTRACT = {The theoretical and experimental results for white
noise in the low-power subthreshold region of operation
of an MOS transistor are discussed. It is shown that
the measurements are consistent with the theoretical
predictions. Measurements of noise in
photoreceptors-circuits containing a photodiode and an
MOS transistor-that are consistent with theory are
reported. The photoreceptor noise measurements
illustrate the intimate connection of the equipartition
theorem of statistical mechanics with noise
calculations.},
KEYWORDS = {insulated gate field effect transistors
metal-insulator-semiconductor devices random noise
resistors semiconductor device noise thermal noise
white noise MOS transistors low-power subthreshold
region photodiode photoreceptor noise measurements
photoreceptors shot noise thermal noise white noise},
MONTH = NOV,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Sarpeshkar_CirDevMag_1993.pdf},
YEAR = 1993
}
@ARTICLE{Gu_ElecDev_1996,
AUTHOR = {Yen-Bin Gu and Ming-Jer Chen},
TITLE = {A new quantitative model for weak inversion charge
injection in {MOSFET} analog switches},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Electron Devices},
VOLUME = {43},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {295--302},
ABSTRACT = {This paper proposes a new model concerning the channel
charges in weak inversion injected from a turn-off
MOSFET into a holding capacitor. This portion of charge
injection has recently been newly observed, showing a
significant contribution to the switch-induced error
voltage on the switched capacitor. Our model is derived
at the critical point where the device is operated in
the transition region between strong inversion and weak
inversion. This point has been expressed explicitly as
a function of the DC input voltage, the threshold
voltage, and the fall time of the gate voltage. The
ability of the model in accurately determining
quantitatively the impact of the weak inversion charge
injection on the error voltage has been extensively
judged experimentally and by two-dimensional mixed-mode
simulation for a wide variety of design parameters such
as the channel width and length, the holding
capacitance, the fall time of the gate voltage, and the
DC input voltage The assumptions utilized in the model
development have also been validated.},
KEYWORDS = {MOSFET capacitance field effect transistor switches
semiconductor device models 2D mixed-mode simulation DC
input voltage MOSFET analog switches channel charges
channel length channel width design parameters gate
voltage fall time holding capacitance holding capacitor
quantitative model switch-induced error voltage
switched capacitor threshold voltage turnoff MOSFET
weak inversion charge injection},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Gu_ElecDev_1996.pdf},
YEAR = 1996
}
@PHDTHESIS{Borkholder_Thesis,
AUTHOR = {David A. Borkholder},
TITLE = {Cell Based Sensors Using Microelectrodes},
SCHOOL = {Stanford University},
MONTH = NOV,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Borkholder_Thesis.pdf},
YEAR = 1998
}
@ARTICLE{Bucher_BiosensBioelec_1999,
AUTHOR = {Volker Bucher and Michael Graf and Martin Stelzle and
Wilfried Nisch},
TITLE = {Low-impedance thin-film polycrystalline silicon
microelectrodes for extracellular stimulation and
recording},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {14},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {639--649},
ABSTRACT = {Polycrystalline silicon thin films were explored with
respect to their application as low-impedance
microelectrodes for extracellular stimulation and
recording of cells. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs)
comprising polysilicon microelectrodes were fabricated
using CMOS-compatible processes. Overall capacitance of
an electrode with a diameter of $20~\mu m$ is on the
order of 200--300~pF. Chemical and morphological
stability in physiological saline solution was
excellent over a period of at least 5 months. This
finding renders applications in neuronal implants or
bio-chips. Nanoporous polysilicon electrodes were
created by anodic oxidation in hydrofluoric acid (HF).
However, no considerable decrease of electrode
impedance was observed although pore formation was
clearly confirmed by transmission electron microscopy
(TEM).},
KEYWORDS = {Impedance spectroscopy; Micro electrode arrays;
Polycrystalline silicon; Porous silicon; Thin-film
microelectrodes},
MONTH = OCT,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Bucher_BiosensBioelec_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Akin_JSSC_1998,
AUTHOR = {Tayfun Akin and Khalil Najafi and Robert M. Bradley},
TITLE = {A wireless implantable multichannel digital neural
recording system for a micromachined sieve electrode},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {33},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {109--118},
ABSTRACT = {This paper reports the development of an implantable,
fully integrated, multichannel peripheral neural
recording system, which is powered and controlled using
an RF telemetry link. The system allows recording of
$±500~\mu V$ neural signals from axons regenerated
through a micromachined silicon sieve electrode. These
signals are amplified using on-chip 100~Hz to 3.1~kHz
bandlimited amplifiers, multiplexed, and digitized with
a low-power (<2~mW), moderate speed $\left(8~\mu
s/b\right)$ current-mode 8-b analog-to-digital
converter (ADC). The digitized signal is transmitted to
the outside world using a passive RF telemetry link.
The circuit is implemented using a bipolar CMOS
process. The signal processing CMOS circuitry
dissipates only 10~mW of power from a 5-V supply while
operating at 2~MHz and consumes $4\times 4~mm^2$ of
area. The overall circuit including the RF interface
circuitry contains over 5000 transistors, dissipates
90~mW of power, and consumes $4\times 6~mm^2$ of area},
KEYWORDS = {BiCMOS analogue integrated circuits biomedical
electronics biomedical telemetry medical signal
processing micromachining neurophysiology
radiofrequency amplifiers radiotelemetry -500 to 500
muV 10 mW 100 Hz to 3.1 kHz 2 MHz 5 V 90 mW RF
interface circuitry RF telemetry link axons bandlimited
amplifiers biomedical sensors bipolar CMOS process
micromachined sieve electrode wireless implantable
multichannel digital neural recording system},
MONTH = JAN,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Akin_JSSC_1998.pdf},
YEAR = 1998
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Takahashi_uTAS_2002,
AUTHOR = {Kazunori Takahashi and Yoshihiro Sugio and Hiroyuki
Moriguchi and Yasuhiko Jimbo and Kenji Yasuda},
TITLE = {On-Chip Neural Cell-Cultivation System for Long-Term
Observation with Multi-Electrode and Microchamber
Arrays.},
BOOKTITLE = {Micro Total Analysis Systems},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Hasler_CASII_2001,
AUTHOR = {Paul Hasler and Bradley A. Minch and Chris Diorio},
TITLE = {An autozeroing Floating-Gate Amplifier},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}},
VOLUME = {48},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {74--82},
ABSTRACT = {We have developed a bandpass floating-gate amplifier
that uses tunneling and pFET hot-electron injection to
set its dc operating point adaptively. Because the
hot-electron injection is an inherent part of the
pFET's behavior, we obtain this adaptation with no
additional circuitry. Because the gate currents are
small, the circuit exhibits a high-pass characteristic
with a cutoff frequency less than 1~Hz. The
high-frequency cutoff is controlled electronically, as
is done in continuous-time filters. We have derived
analytical models that completely characterize the
amplifier and that are in good agreement with
experimental data for a wide range of operating
conditions and input waveforms. This autozeroing
floating-gate amplifier demonstrates how to use
continuous-time floating-gate adaptation in amplifier
design.},
KEYWORDS = {MOS analogue integrated circuits continuous time
filters high-pass filters hot carriers tunnelling
autozeroing floating-gate amplifier bandpass
floating-gate amplifier cutoff frequency dc operating
point gate currents high-frequency cutoff high-pass
characteristic pFET hot-electron injection tunneling},
MONTH = JAN,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Hasler_CASII_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Gesteland_IRE_1959,
AUTHOR = {R. C. Gesteland and B. Howland and J. Lettvin and W.
H. Pitts},
TITLE = {Comments on microelectrodes},
JOURNAL = {Proc. {IRE}},
VOLUME = {47},
PAGES = {1856--1862},
ABSTRACT = {Metal-filled microelectrodes are best for
high-frequency work; fluid-filled ones are best for low
frequencies and dc. Both have advantages and drawbacks.
This paper gives the results of experience with both
sorts of probe. Practical hints and recipes are
included because these seldom appear in detail.},
MONTH = NOV,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Gesteland_IRE_1959.pdf},
YEAR = 1959
}
@ARTICLE{Fisher_JSSC_1987,
AUTHOR = {John A. Fisher and Rudolf Koch},
TITLE = {A highly linear {CMOS} buffer amplifier},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {22},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {330--334},
ABSTRACT = {A CMOS buffer amplifier which achieves significant
improvements in linearity and drive capability over
previously reported ``high-swing'' amplifiers is
described. The buffer operates from a 5-V supply, is
capable of rail-to-rail operation at both the input and
output, an exhibits a remarkably high linearity of
0.05\% THD while driving $3~V_{p-p}$ into $100~\Omega$
at 20~kHz.},
KEYWORDS = {Amplifiers Buffer circuits CMOS integrated circuits
Linear integrated circuits amplifiers buffer circuits
linear integrated circuits},
MONTH = JUN,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Fisher_JSSC_1987.pdf},
YEAR = 1987
}
@ARTICLE{Feltham_ChemicalReviews_1971,
AUTHOR = {A. M. Feltham and M. Spiro},
TITLE = {Platinized platinum electrodes},
JOURNAL = {Chemical Reviews},
VOLUME = 71,
NUMBER = 2,
PAGES = {177--193},
ABSTRACT = {The platinized platinum electrode is the most widely
used type of electrode. It makes a regular appearance
in conductance cells, forms the basis of the hydrogen
reference electrode, and is unsurpassed as an
electrocatalyst in fuel cells. Yet the mechanism of the
formation of platinum deposit has been investigated
only recently, and information on the properties of the
electrode (its appearance, structure, area, and
reproducibility), and how these are affected by its
method of prefaration, is widely scattered and not well
knows. The main factors are critically assessed in this
review.},
KEYWORDS = {electrode, platinum},
MONTH = APR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Feltham_ChemicalReviews_1971.pdf},
YEAR = 1971
}
@ARTICLE{Vetterli_SP_1992,
AUTHOR = {Vetterli, Martin and Herley, Cormac},
TITLE = {Wavelets and filter banks: {T}heory and design},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Signal Processing},
VOLUME = {40},
NUMBER = {9},
PAGES = {2207--2232},
ABSTRACT = {The wavelet transform is compared with the more
classical short-time Fourier transform approach to
signal analysis. Then the relations between wavelets,
filter banks, and multiresolution signal processing are
explored. A brief review is given of perfect
reconstruction filter banks, which can be used both for
computing the discrete wavelet transform, and for
deriving continuous wavelet bases, provided that the
filters meet a constraint known as regularity. Given a
low-pass filter, necessary and sufficient conditions
for the existence of a complementary high-pass filter
that will permit perfect reconstruction are derived.
The perfect reconstruction condition is posed as a
Bezout identity, and it is shown how it is possible to
find all higher-degree complementary filters based on
an analogy with the theory of Diophantine equations. An
alternative approach based on the theory of continued
fractions is also given. These results are used to
design highly regular filter banks, which generate
biorthogonal continuous wavelet bases with symmetries.},
KEYWORDS = {band-pass filters digital filters filtering and
prediction theory signal processing transforms Bezout
identity FIR filters bandpass filters complementary
high-pass filter continuous wavelet bases design
discrete wavelet transform filter design higher-degree
complementary filters low-pass filter multiresolution
signal processing perfect reconstruction filter banks
regularity signal analysis theory of continued
fractions},
MONTH = SEP,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Signal_Processing/Vetterli_SP_1992.pdf},
YEAR = 1992
}
@ARTICLE{Wegmann_JSSC_1987,
AUTHOR = {George Wegmann and Eric A. Vittoz and Fouad Rahali},
TITLE = {Charge injection in analog {MOS} switches},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {22},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1091--1097},
ABSTRACT = {Charge injection in {MOS} analog switches, also called
pass transistors or transmission gates, is approached
by using the continuity equation. Experimental results
show the negligible influence of substrate current
which leads to a unidimensional model. An
easy-to-handle simplified model is deduced and its
predictions compared to the injection obtained by
measurements. It is shown that this model, which can be
used to implement various strategies to reduce charge
injection, is valid in any realistic situation.},
KEYWORDS = {Field effect integrated circuits Semiconductor device
models Switched networks Switching circuits field
effect integrated circuits semiconductor device models
switched networks switching circuits},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Wegmann_JSSC_1987.pdf},
YEAR = 1987
}
@ARTICLE{DeLevie_ElectrochimActa_1965,
AUTHOR = {De Levie, R},
TITLE = {The influence of surface roughness of solid electrodes
on electrochemical measurements},
JOURNAL = {Electrochim. Acta},
VOLUME = {10},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {113--130},
ABSTRACT = {The influence of surface roughness of solid electrodes
on electrochemical measurements is critically examined.
A model and its mathematical consequences are presented
which describe the effects in at least a
semi-quantitative way. The conclusion is drawn that the
neglect of surface roughness has led to apparent
misinterpretations in literature, and that great
caution should be exercised in this respect.},
MONTH = FEB,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/DeLevie_ElectrochimActa_1965.pdf},
YEAR = 1965
}
@ARTICLE{Shieh_JSSC_1987,
AUTHOR = {Je-Hurn Shieh and Mahesh Patil and Bing J. Sheu},
TITLE = {Measurement and Analysis of Charge Injection in {MOS}
Analog Switches},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {22},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {277--281},
ABSTRACT = { The analysis has been extended to the general case
including signal-source resistance and capacitance.
Universal plots of percentage channel charge injected
are presented. Normalized variables are used to
facilitate usage of the plots. The effects of gate
voltage falling rate, signal-source level, substrate
doping, substrate bias, switch dimensions, as well as
the source and holding capacitances are included in the
plots. A small-geometry switch, slow switching rate,
and small source resistance can reduce the charge
injection effect. On-chip test circuitry with a
unity-gain operational amplifier, which reduces the
disturbance imposed by measurement equipment to a
minimum, is found to be an excellent monitor of the
switch charge injection. The theoretical results agree
with the experimental data.},
KEYWORDS = { Field effect integrated circuits Sample and hold
circuits Semiconductor switches Switched capacitor
networks field effect integrated circuits sample and
hold circuits semiconductor switches switched capacitor
networks},
MONTH = APR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Shieh_JSSC_1987.pdf},
YEAR = 1987
}
@ARTICLE{Comer_CASII_2004,
AUTHOR = {David J. Comer and Donald T. Comer},
TITLE = {Using the weak inversion region to optimize input
stage design of {CMOS} op amps},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}},
VOLUME = {51},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {8--14},
ABSTRACT = {Operation of MOS devices in the strong, moderate, and
weak inversion regions is considered. The advantages of
designing the input differential stage of a CMOS op amp
to operate in the weak or moderate inversion region are
presented. These advantages include higher voltage
gain, less distortion, and ease of compensation.
Specific design guidelines are presented to optimize
amplifier performance. Simulations that demonstrate the
expected improvements are given.},
KEYWORDS = {MOS analogue integrated circuits amplifiers CMOS op
amps MOS devices amplifier performance optimization
compensation input stage optimization low-distortion
voltage gain weak inversion region},
MONTH = JAN,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Comer_CASII_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Connolly_BiosensBioelectron_1990,
AUTHOR = {P. Connolly and P. Clark and A. S. G. Curtis and J. A.
T. Dow and C. D. W. Wilkinson},
TITLE = {An Extracellular microelectrode Array for monitoring
electrogenic cells in culture},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {5},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {223--234},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a planar array of microelectrodes
developed for monitoring the electrical activity of
cells in culture. The device allows the incorporation
of surface topographical features in an insulating
layer above the electrodes. Semiconductor technology is
employed for the fabrication of the gold electrodes and
for the deposition and patterning of an insulating
layer of silicon nitride. The electrodes have been
tested using a cardiac cell culture of chick embryo
myocytes, and the physical beating of the cultured
cells correlated with the simultaneous extracellular
voltage measurements obtained. It was found that
extracellular stimulation of the cells was possible via
the same electrodes used for recording. },
KEYWORDS = {extracellular recording; microelectrodes; cell
guidance; cardiac cells},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Connolly_BiosensBioelectron_1990.pdf},
YEAR = 1990
}
@ARTICLE{Harrison_JSSC_2003,
AUTHOR = {Reid R. Harrison and Cameron Charles},
TITLE = {A Low-Power, Low-Noise {CMOS} Amplifier for Neural
Recording Applications},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {38},
NUMBER = {6},
ABSTRACT = {There is a need among scientists and clinicians for
low-noise low-power biosignal amplifiers capable of
amplifying signals in the millihertz-to-kilohertz range
while rejecting large dc offsets generated at the
electrode tissue interface. The advent of fully
implantable multielectrode arrays has created the need
for fully integrated micropower amplifiers. We designed
and tested a novel bioamplifier that uses a MOS-bipolar
pseudoresistor element to amplify low-frequency signals
down to the millihertz range while rejecting large dc
offsets. We derive the theoretical noise power tradeoff
limit the noise efficiency factor for this amplifier
and demonstrate that our VLSI implementation approaches
this limit by selectively operating MOS transistors in
either weak or strong inversion. The resulting
amplifier, built in a standard $1.5~\mu m$ CMOS
process, passes signals from 0.025~Hz to 7.2~kHz with
an input-referred noise of $2.2~\mu V_{rms}$ and a
power dissipation of 80 W while consuming $0.16~mm^2$
of chip area. Our design technique was also used to
develop an electroencephalogram amplifier having a
bandwidth of 30~Hz and a power dissipation of $0.9~\mu
W$ while maintaining a similar noise power tradeoff.},
KEYWORDS = {Analog integrated circuits, biosignal amplifier, low
noise, low-power circuit design, neural amplifier,
noise efficiency factor, subthreshold circuit design,
weak inversion.},
MONTH = JUN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Harrison_JSSC_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Marom_QRevBiophys_2002,
AUTHOR = {Shimon Marom and Goded Shahaf},
TITLE = {Development, learning and memory in large random
networks of cortical neurons: lessons beyond anatomy},
JOURNAL = {Q. Rev. Biophys.},
VOLUME = {35},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {63--87},
ABSTRACT = {The phenomena of learning and memory are inherent to
neural systems that differ from each other markedly.
The differences, at the molecular, cellular and
anatomical levels, reflect the wealth of possible
instantiations of two neural learning and memory
universals: (i) an extensive functional connectivity
that enables a large repertoire of possible responses
to stimuli; and (ii) sensitivity of the functional
connectivity to activity, allowing for selection of
adaptive responses. These universals can now be fully
realized in \textit{ex-vivo} developing neuronal
networks due to advances in multi-electrode recording
techniques and desktop computing. Applied to the study
of ex-vivo networks of neurons, these approaches
provide a unique view into learning and memory in
networks, over a wide range of spatio-temporal scales.
In this review, we summarize experimental data obtained
from large random developing \textit{ex-vivo} cortical
networks. We describe how these networks are prepared,
their structure, stages of functional development, and
the forms of spontaneous activity they exhibit
(Sections 2--4). In Section 5 we describe studies that
seek to characterize the rules of activity-dependent
changes in neural ensembles and their relation to
monosynaptic rules. In Section 6, we demonstrate that
it is possible to embed functionality into ex-vivo
networks, that is, to teach them to perform desired
firing patterns in both time and space. This requires
`closing a loop' between the network and the
environment. Section 7 emphasizes the potential of
\textit{ex-vivo} developing cortical networks in the
study of neural learning and memory universals. This
may be achieved by combining closed loop experiments
and ensemble-defined rules of activity-dependent
change.},
MONTH = FEB,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Marom_QRevBiophys_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Ahuja_JSSC_183,
AUTHOR = {Bhupendra K. Ahuja},
TITLE = {An improved frequency compensation technique for
{CMOS} operational amplifiers},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {18},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {629--633},
ABSTRACT = {The commonly used two-stage CMOS amplifier suffers
from two basic performance limitations due to the RC
compensation network around the second gain stage.
Frisr, this frequency compensation technique provides
stable operation for limited range of capacitive loads,
and second, the power supply rejection shows severe
degradation above the open-loop pole frequency. The
technique described here provides stable operation for
a much larger range of capacitive loads, as well as
much improved $V_{BB}$ power supply rejection over very
wide bandwidths for the same basic op amp circuit. This
paper presnets mathematical analysis of this new
technique in terms of its frequency and noise
characteristics followed by its implementation in all
n-well CMOS process. Experimental results show 70~dB
negative power supply rejection at 100~kHz and an input
noise density of $58~nV/\sqrt{Hz}$ at 1~kHz.},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Compensation_Techniques/Ahuja_JSSC_1983.pdf},
YEAR = 1983
}
@ARTICLE{Kim_JSSC_1997,
AUTHOR = {Changhyun Kim and Kensall D. Wise},
TITLE = {Low-voltage electronics for the stimulation of
biological neural networks using fully complementary
BiCMOS circuits},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {32},
NUMBER = {10},
PAGES = {1483--1490},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes low-voltage neural stimulating
circuitry developed using fully complementary BiCMOS
(FC-BiCMOS) process technology for providing
charge-balanced bipolar stimulating currents to tissue
in the central nervous system. The electronics features
an FC-BiCMOS buffer, a 7-b biphasic current-output
digital-to-analog converter, a 14-b frequency divider,
a nonoverlapping two-phase clock generator, and an auto
timeout safety scheme while driving any two of eight
selected sites from 0 to $±126~\mu A$ with $±2~\mu A$
resolution. The circuit area is $1.6~mm^2$ in $3~\mu m$
features. Micropower circuit techniques allow the probe
to dissipate <~$10~\mu W$ in standby and operate at
10~MHz from ±2.5~V supplies.},
KEYWORDS = {BiCMOS integrated circuits bioelectric phenomena
biomedical electronics neural nets 10 MHz 10 muW 2.5 V
biological neural network central nervous system
charge-balanced bipolar stimulating current fully
complementary BiCMOS circuit low-voltage electronics
micropower circuit stimulation tissue },
MONTH = OCT,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Kim_JSSC_1997.pdf},
YEAR = 1997
}
@ARTICLE{Ho_JSSC_2003,
AUTHOR = {Kin-Pui Ho and Cheong-Fat Chan and Chiu-Sing Choy and
Kong-Pang Pun},
TITLE = {Reversed nested Miller compensation with voltage
buffer and nulling resistor},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {38},
NUMBER = {10},
PAGES = {1735--1738},
ABSTRACT = {This paper presents a new reversed nested Miller
compensation technique for multistage operational
amplifier (opamp) design. The new compensation
technique inverts the sign of the right half complex
plane zero and shifts the frequency of the complex
conjugate poles to a higher frequency. Simulation
results indicate that the gain-bandwidth product and
settling time are improved by factors of two and three,
respectively, without degrading stability and power
consumption. To verify the proposed technique, a
three-stage opamp is fabricated with $0.6~\mu m$ CMOS
technology. The measured results of the test circuit
agree with the results that are obtained from
theoretical analysis and circuit simulation.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS analogue integrated circuits, buffer circuits,
compensation, operational amplifiers, poles and zeros,
0.6 micron, CMOS circuit, gain-bandwidth product,
nulling resistor, multistage operational amplifier,
poles and zeros, reversed nested Miller compensation,
settling time, voltage buffer},
MONTH = OCT,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Compensation_Techniques/Ho_JSSC_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Selinger_BiosensBioelectron_2004,
AUTHOR = {Jonathan V. Selinger and Joseph J. Pancrazio and
Guenter W. Gross},
TITLE = {Measuring synchronization in neuronal networks for
biosensor applications},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {19},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {675--683},
ABSTRACT = {Cultures of neurons can be grown on microelectrode
arrays (MEAs), so that their spike and burst activity
can be monitored. These activity patterns are quite
sensitive to changes in the environment, such as
chemical exposure, and hence the cultures can be used
as biosensors. One key issue in analyzing the data from
neuronal networks is how to quantify the level of
synchronization among different units, which represent
different neurons in the network. In this paper, we
propose a synchronization metric, based on the
statistical distribution of unit-to-unit correlation
coefficients. We show that this synchronization metric
changes significantly when the networks are exposed to
bicuculline, strychnine, or
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-l,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzoquinoxaline-7-sulphonamide
(NBQX). For that reason, this metric can be used to
characterize pharmacologically induced changes in a
network, either for research or for biosensor
applications.},
KEYWORDS = {Spinal-cord cultures; Microelectrode arrays;
Correlation; Burst; Seizure},
MONTH = FEB,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Signal_Processing/Selinger_BiosensBioelectron_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Wilson_JSSC_1985,
AUTHOR = {William B. Wilson and Hisham Z. Massoud and Eric J.
Swanson and George, Jr, Rhett T. and Richard B. Fair},
TITLE = {Measurement and Medeling of Charge Feedthrough in
n-Channel {MOS} Analog Switches},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {20},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1206--1213},
ABSTRACT = {Charge feedthrough in analog MOS switches has been
measured. The dependence of the feedthrough voltage
decreases linearly with the input voltage. The
significance of this observation when considering
harmonic distortion in sample-and-hole circuits is
discussed. A first-order computer simulation based on
the quasi-static small-signal MOSFET capacitances shows
good agreement with experimental results.},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Wilson_JSSC_1985.pdf},
YEAR = 1985
}
@ARTICLE{Oweiss_Neurocomp_2002,
AUTHOR = {Karim G. Oweiss and David J. Anderson},
TITLE = {Spike sorting: a novel shift and amplitude invariant
technique},
JOURNAL = {Neurocomputing},
VOLUME = {44--46},
PAGES = {1133--1139},
ABSTRACT = {This paper deals with the spike classification problem
encountered in multi-unit recordings of neural activity
in the brain. We recently developed a new methodology
for estimating and classifying multi-units recorded by
means of multichannel silicon probes from the observed
spike trains (Proceedings of the ICASSP'01, May 2001,
pp. 2813--2816; Proceedings of the IEEE 35th Asilomar
Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, Pacific
Grove, CA, November 2001). In this work, we demonstrate
the robustness of the technique to single unit spike
amplitude variation often encountered in burst activity
or long term chronic recordings. In low signal-to-noise
ratio scenarios where variability in spike threshold
crossings during classical detection is always a
problem, we show that the technique is extremely robust
to shifts in spike event times. Results showing the
efficiency of the algorithm from simulated and
experimental data are presented.},
KEYWORDS = {Multichannel recording; Spike sorting; Array
processing; Wavelet transform},
MONTH = JUN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSpike_Sorting/Oweiss_Neurocomp_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Patterson_BME_2004,
AUTHOR = {William R. Patterson and Yoon-Kyu Song and Christopher
W. Bull and Ilker Ozden and Andrew P. Deangellis and
Christopher Lay and J. Lucas McKay and Arto V. Nurmikko
and John D. Donoghue and Barry W. Connors},
TITLE = {A Microelectrode/Microelectronic Hybrid Device for
Brain Implantable Neuroprosthesis Applications},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {51},
NUMBER = {10},
PAGES = {1845--1853},
ABSTRACT = {We have designed, fabricated, and characterized a
microminiaturized ``neuroport'' for brain implantable
neuroprosthesis applications, using an analog CMOS
integrated circuit and a silicon based microelectrode
array. An ultra-low power, low-noise CMOS preamplifier
array with integral multiplexing was designed to
accommodate stringent thermal and electrophysiological
requirements for implantation in the brain, and a
hybrid integration approach was developed to fabricate
a functional microminiaturized neuroprobe device.
Measurements showed that our fully scalable 16-channel
CMOS amplifier chip had an average gain of 44~dB,
bandwidth from~10 Hz to 7.3~kHz, and an equivalent
input noise of approximately 9~$\mu V_{rms}$ with an
average power consumption per preamplifier of
52~$\mu$W, which is consistent with simulation results.
As a proof-of-concept demonstration, we have measured
local field potentials from thalamocortical brain
slices of rats, showing oscillatory behavior with an
amplitude about 0.5~mV and a period ranging 80--120~ms.
The results suggest that the hybrid integrated
neuroport can form a prime platform for the development
of a next level microminiaturized neural interface to
the brain in a single implantable unit.},
KEYWORDS = { Brain computer interface integrated neural probe
array low-noise preamplifier neuroprosthesis},
MONTH = OCT,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Patterson_BME_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Sheu_CAS_1987,
AUTHOR = {Bing J. Sheu and Je-Hurn Shieh and Mahesh Patil},
TITLE = {Modeling charge injection in {MOS} analog switches},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst.},
VOLUME = {34},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {214--216},
ABSTRACT = { Charge injection in MOS switches has been analyzed.
The analysis has been extended to the general case of
including source resistance and source capacitance.
Universal plots of percentage channel charge injected
are presented. Normalized variables are used to
facilitate usage of the plots. A small-geometry switch,
slow switching rate, and small source resistance can
help reduce the charge injection effect.},
KEYWORDS = { Charge injection MOSFET switches Sample/hold circuits
Switched-capacitor circuits},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Sheu_CAS_1987.pdf},
YEAR = 1987
}
@ARTICLE{Rodriguez-Villegas_JSSC_2004,
AUTHOR = {Esther R{odr\'{i}guez}-Villegas and Alberto
Y{\'{u}fera} and A{doraci\'{o}n} Rueda},
TITLE = {A 1-{V} micropower log-domain integrator based on
{FGMOS} transistors operating in weak inversion},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {39},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {256--259},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes the implementation of a low-power
floating-gate MOS (FGMOS)-based log-domain integrator
that reduces the minimum required voltage supply and
the risk of instabilities. The performance of the block
is illustrated with the experimental results of a
second-order low-pass/bandpass filter working in the
audio range with a 1-V voltage supply and a maximum
power consumption of $2~\mu W$. The experimental
results show that the FGMOS transistor is a powerful
device that enables the design of low-voltage-supply
low-power-consumption filters which have very simple
topologies.},
KEYWORDS = { Floating-gate MOS (FGMOS) log-domain filters low
power low voltage},
MONTH = JAN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Log-Domain_Filtering/Rodriguez-Villegas_JSSC_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Brug_JElectroanalChem_1984,
AUTHOR = {G. J. Brug and Van Den Eeden, A. L. G. and M.
Sluyters-Rehbach and J. H. Sluyters },
TITLE = {The analysis of electrode impedances complicated by
the presence of a constant phase element},
JOURNAL = {J. Electroanal. Chem.},
VOLUME = {176},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {275--295},
ABSTRACT = {The electrical double-layer at a solid electrode does
not in general behave as a pure capacitance but rather
as an impedance displaying a frequency-independent
phase angle different from $90^{\circ}$. Ways are
indicated how to analyse the interfacial impedance if
such a complication arises in the presence of a
faradaic process, both on the supposition that the
double-layer behaviour is due to surface inhomogeneity
and on the supposition that it is a double-layer
property per se. As examples, the equations derived are
successfully applied to a totally irreversible and an
ac quasi-reversible electrode process at a gold
electrode.},
MONTH = SEP,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Brug_JElectroanalChem_1984.pdf},
YEAR = 1984
}
@ARTICLE{Xu_ElectronLett_1993,
AUTHOR = {P. Xu and Rolf Schaumann},
TITLE = {Very-high-frequency {CMOS} analogue buffer},
JOURNAL = {Electron. Lett.},
VOLUME = {29},
NUMBER = {16},
PAGES = {1458--1460},
ABSTRACT = {A simple CMOS on-chip differential buffer is
presented. From simulations based on a $2~\mu m$
\textit{n}-well CMOS process, this buffer can give a
260~MHz cutoff frequency with a load of $50~k\Omega$
paralled by 1~pF. THD at 1~MHz for 1~V peak to peak is
as low as 0.003\%. Offset voltage is only a few
millivolts even if considering mismatch among the
transistors. The circuit is very useful as a high-speed
internal node buffer or test/pin drive buffer. The
power supply can be as low as +-2.5~V.},
KEYWORDS = {Buffer circuits, CMOS integrated circuits, Analogue
circuits},
MONTH = AUG,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Xu_ElectronLett_1993.pdf},
YEAR = 1993
}
@ARTICLE{Drennan_JSSC_2003,
AUTHOR = {Patrick G. Drennan and Colin C. McAndrew},
TITLE = {Understanding {MOSFET} Mismatch for Analog Design},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {38},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {450--456},
ABSTRACT = {Despite the significance of matched devices in analog
circuit design, mismatch modeling for design
application has been lacking. This paper addresses
misconceptions about MOSFET mismatch for analog design.
$V_t$ mismatch does not follow a simplistic $1/\left(
\sqrt{area}\right)$ law, especially for wide/short and
narrow/long devices, which are common geometries in
analog circuits. Further, $V_t$ and gain factor are not
appropriate parameters for modeling mismatch. A
physically based mismatch model can be used to obtain
dramatic improvements in prediction of mismatch. This
model is applied to MOSFET current mirrors to show some
nonobvious effects over bias, geometry, and
multiple-unit devices.},
KEYWORDS = {MOSFET SPICE analogue integrated circuits current
mirrors integrated circuit design semiconductor device
models MOSFET current mirrors MOSFET mismatch SPICE
analog IC design analog circuit design gain factor
physically based mismatch model semiconductor device
modeling threshold voltage mismatch},
MONTH = MAR,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Drennan_JSSC_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Delbruck_ISCAS_1994,
AUTHOR = {Tobi D{elbr\"{u}ck} and Carver A. Mead},
TITLE = {Adaptive photoreceptor with wide dynamic range},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the {IEEE} Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems},
VOLUME = {4},
PAGES = {339--342},
ABSTRACT = {We describe a photoreceptor circuit that can be used
in massively parallel analog VLSI silicon chips, in
conjunction with other local circuits, to perform
initial analog visual information processing. The
receptor provides a continuous-time output that has low
gain for static signals (including circuit mismatches),
and high gain for transient signals that are centered
around the adaptation point. The response is
logarithmic, which makes the response to a fixed image
contrast invariant to absolute light intensity. The
5-transistor receptorcan be fabricated in an area of
about $70~\mu m$ by $70~\mu m$ in a $2~\mu m$
single-poly CMOS technology. It has a dynamic range of
1--2 decades at a single adaptation level, and a total
dynamic range of more than 6 decades. Several technical
improvements in the circuit yield an additional 1--2
decades dynamic range over previous designs without
sacrificing signal quality. The lower limit of the
dynamic range, defined arbitrarily as the illuminance
at which the bandwidth of the receptor is 60~Hz, is at
approximately 1~lux, which is the border between rod
and cone vision and also the limit of current consumer
video cameras. The receptor uses an adaptive element
that is resistant to excess minority carrier diffusion.
The continuous and logarithmic transduction process
makes the bandwidth scal eiwht intensity. As a result,
the total A.C. RMS receptor noise is constatn,
independent of intensity. The spectral density of the
noise is within a factor or two of pure photon shot
noise and varies inversely with intensity. The
connection between shot and thermal noise in a system
goberned by Boltzman statistics is beautifilly
illustrated.},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Delbruck_ISCAS_1994.pdf},
YEAR = 1994
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Harrison_ISCAS_2002,
AUTHOR = {Reid R. Harrison},
TITLE = {A low-power, low-noise {CMOS} amplifier for neural
recording applications},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the {IEEE} Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems},
VOLUME = {5},
PAGES = {197--200},
ADDRESS = {Phoenix, Arizona},
ABSTRACT = { There is a need among scientists and clinicians for
low-noise, low-power biosignal amplifiers capable of
amplifying signals in the mHz to kHz range while
rejecting large dc offsets generated at the
electrode-tissue interface. The advent of
fully-implantable multielectrode arrays has created the
need for fully-integrated micropower amplifiers. We
designed and tested a novel bioamplifier that uses a
MOS-bipolar pseudo-resistor to amplify signals down to
the mHz range while rejecting large dc offsets. We
derive the theoretical noise-power tradeoff limit---the
noise efficiency factor---for this amplifier and
demonstrate that our VLSI implementation approaches
that limit. The resulting amplifier, built in a
standard $1.5~\mu m$ CMOS process, passes signals from
0.1~mHz to 7.2~kHz with an input-referred noise of
$2.2~\mu V_{rms}$ and a power dissipation of $80~\mu W$
while consuming $0.16~mm^2$ of chip area.},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Harrison_ISCAS_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Olsson_EMBS_2002,
AUTHOR = {Olsson, III, R. H. and Gulari, M. N. and Wise, K. D.},
TITLE = {silicon neural recording arrays with on-chip
electronics for \emph{in-vivo} data acquisition},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. {IEEE}--{EMBS} Special Topic Conference on
Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology},
PAGES = {237--240},
ADDRESS = {Madison, WI},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a 64 site, 8 channel silicon
microelectrode for single-unit neural recording. The
probe features integrated CMOS circuitry for electronic
positioning of the active recording sites with respect
to active neurons. On-chip capacitively coupled
pre-amplifiers eliminate the DC baseline polarization
of the electrode while providing a per channel gain of
1000. Time-division multiplexing circuitry is provided
for sampling the 8 active channels onto one data lead.
The on-chip circuitry consumes $834~\mu W$ of power
from ±1.5~V supplies and occupies $4.34~mm^2$ of die
area. The probe is fabricated using an 18 mask,
single-sided, micromachined CMOS process with a $3~\mu
m$ minimum feature size},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS analogue integrated circuits biocontrol
biomedical electrodes biomedical electronics biomedical
telemetry data acquisition microelectrodes
micromachining neurophysiology preamplifiers
prosthetics silicon time division multiplexing 1.5~V
834~muW CMOS circuitry DC baseline potential DC
feedback path Si active recording arrays active
recording sites capacitively coupled preamplifiers
closed-loop fully-implanted prosthetic system control
circuitry electronic positioning in-vivo data
acquisition microelectrode micromachined CMOS process
neural prosthesis neural recording probe on-chip
electronics on-chip front-end selection silicon neural
recording arrays single-unit neural recording telemetry
chip time-division multiplexing circuitry},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Olsson_EMBS_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@MISC{BRPWEB,
TITLE = {3--{D} Nets Homepage},
HOWPUBLISHED = {\url{http://www.neuro.gatech.edu/brp}},
URL = {http://www.neuro.gatech.edu/brp}
}
@ARTICLE{McAdams_BiosensBioelec_1995,
AUTHOR = {E. T. McAdams and A. Lackermeier and J. A. McLaughlin
and D. Macken and J. Jossinet},
TITLE = {The linear and non-linear electrical properties of the
electrode-electrolyte interface},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {10},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {67--74},
ABSTRACT = {A review of various aspects of electrode-electrolyte
interface impedance is presented. The effect of
electrode topography on the form and magnitude of the
interface impedance is discussed. The work of Schwan
and his colleagues on the non-linearity of the
interface impedance is presented and interpreted. The
electrical properties of silver-silver chloride
electrodes (much used in a wide range of biomedical
applications) are also briefly reviewed.},
KEYWORDS = {electrode-electrolyte interface; A.C. impedance;
nonlinearity; silver-silver chloride},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/McAdams_BiosensBioelec_1995.pdf},
YEAR = 1995
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Yao_Transducers_2003,
AUTHOR = { Y. Yao and M. N. Gulari and J. F. Hetke and K. D.
Wise},
TITLE = {A self-testing multiplexed {CMOS} stimulating probe
for a 1024-site neural prosthesis},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the Innational Conference on Solid-State
Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems},
VOLUME = {2},
PAGES = {1213--1216},
ABSTRACT = {This paper describes a multiplexed silicon microprobe
for selectively stimulating and recordingin the central
nervous system. The probe is used in a
three-dimensional array and is designed as the basis
for a fully-integrated neural prosthesis. CMOS
circuitry delivers biphasic currents from $-127~\mu A$
to $+127~\mu A$ to selected sites with $1~\mu A$
resolution. On-chip DACs operate with an integrated
nonlinearity less than 0.2~LSB while delivering an
output voltage swing within 0.5~V of the (±5~V) power
rails. Simultaneous stimulation and recording is
possible using on-chip preamplifiers having a gain
40~dB from 100~Hz to 10~kHz. In order to facilitate the
microassembly of 3D arrays, the probe is designed to
achieve full testabibity at the pre-relase, post
relase, and post-assembly levels.},
MONTH = JUN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Yao_Transducers_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Opris_ElectronLett_1995,
AUTHOR = {I. E. Opris and G. T. A. Kovacs},
TITLE = {Large-signal subthreshold {CMOS} transconductance
amplifier},
JOURNAL = {Electron. Lett.},
VOLUME = {31},
NUMBER = {9},
PAGES = {718--720},
ABSTRACT = {A folding architecture for a subthreshold CMOS
transconductance amplifier is described. Good linearity
is obtained for an extremely large differential input
voltage, without loss in the common-mode voltage range.
Theoretical noise analysis indicates a 6~dB improvement
in the dynamic range compared to a simple single-pair
MOS implementation. A prototype has been fabricated in
a $2~\mu m$ CMOS process, and experimental results are
presented.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS analogue integrated circuits feedback amplifiers
integrated circuit noise 2 micron CMOS transconductance
amplifier common-mode voltage range folding
architecture large-signal subthreshold amplifier
linearity noise analysis},
MONTH = APR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Opris_ElectronLett_1995.pdf},
YEAR = 1995
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Borkholder_EMBS_1996,
AUTHOR = {D. A. Borkholder and I. E. Opris and N. I. Maluf and
G. T. A. Kovacs},
TITLE = {Planar Electrode Array Systems for Neural Recording
and Impedance Measurements},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the {IEEE} Engineering in Medicine and
Biology Conference},
VOLUME = {1},
PAGES = {106--107},
ADDRESS = {Amsterdam},
ABSTRACT = {Systems designed to significantly reduce equipment
cost and size for neurophysiological studies and hybrid
biosensor applications were developed. Custom
integrated circuits, each providing 18 channels of
amplification and filtering were designed, fabricated
and tested. Planar arrays of iridium microelectrodes
were fabricated and packaged in a standard 40 pin
dual-in-line package for cultured cell and neural slice
preparation studies. An impedance imaging system was
developed to monitor the impedance of the
cell/electrode interface across the array, thereby
expanding the possible biosensor applications to
non-electrically active cell types. Thermal regulation
was achieved via a Peltier effect thermoelectric device
allowing temperature control both above and below
ambient temperature. While designed to work together
the system components presented may be easily applied
to existing systems for enhancement of capabilities
while reducing size and cost.},
KEYWORDS = {arrays bioelectric potentials biological techniques
biosensors cellular biophysics electric impedance
measurement electrodes neurophysiology Ir Peltier
effect thermoelectric device ambient temperature
cell/electrode interface impedance monitoring cultured
cell studies custom integrated circuits
electrophysiological research instrumentation hybrid
biosensor applications impedance measurements iridium
microelectrodes neural recording neural slice
preparation studies neurophysiological studies
nonelectrically active cell types planar electrode
array systems standard 40 pin dual-in-line package},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Borkholder_EMBS_1996.pdf},
YEAR = 1996
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Scholten_IEDM_1999,
AUTHOR = {Scholten, A.J. and Tromp, H.J. and Tiemeijer, L.F. and
Van Langevelde, R. and Havens, R.J. and De Vreede,
P.W.H. and Roes, R.F.M. and Woerlee, P.H. and Montree,
A.H. and Klaassen, D.B.M.},
TITLE = {Accurate thermal noise model for deep-submicron {CMOS}},
BOOKTITLE = {Int. {E}lectron {D}evice {M}eeting {T}ech. {D}ig.},
PAGES = {155--158},
ADDRESS = {Washington, DC},
ABSTRACT = {Extensive measurements of drain current thermal noise
are presented for 3 different CMOS technologies and for
gate lengths ranging from $2~\mu m$ down to $0.17~\mu
m$. Using a surface-potential-based compact MOS model
with improved descriptions of carrier mobility and
velocity saturation, all the experimental results can
be described accurately without invoking carrier
heating effects or introducing additional parameters},
KEYWORDS = {MOSFET carrier mobility semiconductor device models
semiconductor device noise surface potential thermal
noise 0.17 to 2 micron MOSFET carrier mobility
deep-submicron CMOS technology drain current surface
potential thermal noise model velocity saturation},
MONTH = DEC,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTCROSSREF = {},
OPTEDITOR = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
OPTNUMBER = {},
OPTORGANIZATION = {},
OPTPUBLISHER = {},
OPTSERIES = {},
OPTVOLUME = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Scholten_IEDM_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Stein_JNM_2004,
AUTHOR = {Richard B. Stein and Douglas J. Weber},
TITLE = {Editing trains of action potentials from
multi-electrode arrays},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {134},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {91--100},
ABSTRACT = {When recording from multi-electrode arrays, only a
short period around the time of a threshold crossing is
generally saved for later analysis. Then, waveforms are
often sorted automatically to identify templates of
spikes from individual neurons near an electrode. As
spikes sum from different neurons and noise is present,
some spikes may be missed and others erroneously
accepted. This paper describes methods for identifying
and correcting errors in recorded spike trains to
recover the pattern of spikes from each neuron as
faithfully as possible. These methods are complementary
to, but distinct from methods to reconstruct waveforms
that arise from summation of individual templates that
overlap one another. Our methods are based on the local
statistics of the firing rates or inter-spike intervals
and the methods work best for neurons that fire
regularly (small standard deviation relative to the
mean interval). First, we test whether accepting more
spikes, whose waveforms are close to the templates that
have been identified, will increase the regularity or
smoothness of the firing rates. Then, after accepting
spikes that increase regularity, we test whether
individual intervals are sufficiently longer (or
shorter) than their neighbors to identify spikes that
have been omitted (or accepted) erroneously. The
methods are tested on simulated spike trains, where
spikes have been inserted or deleted at random, and on
spike trains recorded from multi-electrode arrays in
dorsal root ganglia of cats walking on a treadmill.},
KEYWORDS = {Neurons; Spikes; Electrode arrays; Intervals},
MONTH = MAR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSpike_Sorting/Stein_JNM_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Pine_JNM_1980,
AUTHOR = {J. Pine},
TITLE = {Recording action potentials from cultured neurons with
extracellular microcircuit electrodes},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {2},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {19--31},
ABSTRACT = {Dissociated cell cultures of neurons from neonatal rat
superior cervical ganglia have been grown in specially
prepared dishes, the bottoms of which consist of glass
coverslips on which thin-film microcircuits have been
deposited. The microcircuit provides 32 microelectrodes
per dish, each approximately $8\times 10~\mu m$ in
area. Extracellular recordings of action potentials
from individual neurons have been made, with good
signal-to-noise ratios, for cells within $40~\mu m$ of
the electrode centers. The microelectrodes are also
suitable for passing the current required for
extracellular stimulation and action potentials have
been evoked by stimulating cell bodies and processes
through the electrodes.},
KEYWORDS = {MEA},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Pine_JNM_1980.pdf},
YEAR = 1980
}
@ARTICLE{Emondi_JNM_2004,
AUTHOR = {A. A. Emondi and S. P. Rebrik and A. V. Kurgansky and
K. D. Miller},
TITLE = {Tracking neurons recorded from tetrodes across time},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {135},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {95--105},
ABSTRACT = {Tetrodes allow isolation of multiple neurons at a
single recording site by clustering spikes. Due to
electrode drift and perhaps due to time-varying
neuronal properties, positions and shapes of clusters
change in time. As data is typically collected in
sequential files, to track neurons across files one has
to decide which clusters from different files belong to
the same neuron. We report on a semi-automated neuron
tracking procedure that uses computed similarities
between the mean spike waveforms of the clusters. The
clusters with the most similar waveforms are assigned
to the same neuron, provided their similarity exceeds a
threshold. To set this threshold, we calculate two
distributions: of within-file similarities, and of best
matches in the across adjacent file similarities. The
threshold is set to the value that optimally separates
the two distributions. We compare different measures of
similarity (metrics) by their ability to separate these
distributions. We find that these metrics do not differ
drastically in their performance, but that taking into
account the cross-channel noise correlation
significantly improves performance of all metrics. We
also demonstrate the method on an independent dataset
and show that neurons, as assigned by the procedure,
have consistent physiological properties across files.},
KEYWORDS = {Tracking neurons; Tetrode; Electrode drift;
Extracellular recording},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSpike_Sorting/Emondi_JNM_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Tsividis_JSSC_1994,
AUTHOR = {Yannis P. Tsividis},
TITLE = {Integrated continuous-time filter design---an overview},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {29},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {166--176},
ABSTRACT = {The state of the art of continuous-time filter design
is reviewed. Several techniques are discussed and
compared in terms of performance and implementation
feasibility in different fabrication technologies. This
review does not aim at historical completeness, but
rather emphasizes techniques that have proven their
worth in commercial applications. Brief mention is also
made of experimental work which, in the opinion of the
author, shows promise for the future.},
KEYWORDS = {active filters linear integrated circuits monolithic
integrated circuits operational amplifiers reviews
tuning continuous-time filter design fabrication
technologies implementation feasibility integrated
filters performance review},
MONTH = MAR,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Tsividis_JSSC_1994.pdf},
YEAR = 1994
}
@ARTICLE{Aghtar_ElecDev_1997,
AUTHOR = {Saeed Aghtar and J. W. Haslett and F. N. Trofimenkoff},
TITLE = {Subthreshold analysis of an {MOS} analog switch},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Electron Devices},
VOLUME = {44},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {89--96},
ABSTRACT = {Charge injection error in the presence of subthreshold
effects has been analyzed. It is confirmed that the
subthreshold effect is significant at low voltage
falling rates. A simplified model is derived using an
appropriate approximation. Predictions are compared to
the results of a SPICE simulation, a nonquasi-static
(NQS) model simulation and experimental results.
Excellent agreement between the modified and NQS model
and recently published experimental results was
obtained. This analytical model is computationally
efficient compared to the SPICE and NQS models and
provides physical insight into the switching errors},
KEYWORDS = {MOS analogue integrated circuits SPICE circuit
analysis computing integrated circuit modelling
switching circuits MOS analog switch SPICE simulation
charge injection error nonquasi-static model simulation
subthreshold analysis switching errors voltage falling
rates},
MONTH = JAN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Aghtar_ElecDev_1997.pdf},
YEAR = 1997
}
@ARTICLE{DeBusschere_BiosensBioelectron_2001,
AUTHOR = {B. Derek DeBusschere and Gregory T. A. Kovacs},
TITLE = {Portable cell-based biosensor system using integrated
{CMOS} cell-cartridges},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {16},
NUMBER = {7--8},
PAGES = {543--556},
ABSTRACT = {The use of cell-based biosensors outside of the
laboratory has been limited due to many issues
including preparation of the sample, maintenance of the
biological environment, and integration of the
electronics for data collection and analysis. This
paper describes a system that addresses several of
these issues with the development of an integrated
silicon--polydimethylsiloxane cell-cartridge. The
cell-cartridge contains a CMOS silicon chip that
incorporates a digital interface, temperature control
system, microelectrode electrophysiology sensors, and
analog signal buffering. Additionally, the
cell-cartridge supports two separate cell populations
in two $10~\mu l$ sealed chambers that have independent
fluidic channels for sample injection. A portable,
microcontroller-based electronics system capable of
monitoring the action potential (AP) activity within
the cell-cartridges was also developed. The AP
activities of cardiomyocyte syncytia in the two
chambers differentially responded to the flow of a
control medium versus the flow of a biochemical agent.
The cell-cartridges and portable electronics system
were used to successfully record AP activity from
cardiomyocytes outside of the laboratory under
realistic application conditions.},
KEYWORDS = {Cell-based biosensor; Portable biosensor; CMOS
cell-cartridge},
MONTH = SEP,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/DeBusschere_BiosensBioelectron_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Tscherter_EJNeurosci_2001,
AUTHOR = {Tscherter, Anne and Heuschkel, Marc O. and Renaud,
Philippe Streit, J{\"{u}rg}},
TITLE = {Spatiotemporal characterization of rhythmic activity
in rat spinal cord slice cultures.},
JOURNAL = {Eur. J. Neurosci.},
VOLUME = {14},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {179--190},
ABSTRACT = {Rat spinal networks generate a spontaneous rhythmic
output directed to motoneurons under conditions of
increased excitation or of disinhibition. It is not
known whether these differently induced rhythms are
produced by a common rhythm generator. To investigate
the generation and the propagation of rhythmic activity
in spinal networks, recordings need to be made from
many neurons simultaneously. Therefore extracellular
multisite recording was performed in slice cultures of
embryonic rat spinal cords grown on multielectrode
arrays. In these organotypic cultures most of the
spontaneous neural activity was nearly synchronized.
Waves of activity spread from a source to most of the
network within 35--85~ms and died out after a further
30--400~ms. Such activity waves induced the contraction
of cocultured muscle fibres. Several activity waves
could be grouped into aperiodic bursts. Disinhibition
with bicuculline and strychnine or increased
excitability with high $K^+$ or low $Mg^{2+}$ solutions
could induce periodic bursting with bursts consisting
of one or several activity waves. Whilst the duration
and period of activity waves were similar for all
protocols, the duration and period of bursts were
longer during disinhibition than during increased
excitation. The sources of bursting activity were
mainly situated ventrally on both sides of the central
fissure. The pathways of network recruitment from one
source were variable between bursts, but they showed on
average no systematic differences between the
protocols. These spatiotemporal similarities under
conditions of increased excitation and of disinhibition
suggest a common spinal network for both types of
rhythmic activity.},
MONTH = JUL,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Tscherter_EJNeurosci_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Buitenweg_JNM_2002,
AUTHOR = {J. R. Buitenweg and W. L. C. Rutten and E. Marania and
S. K. L. Polmana and J. Ursum},
TITLE = {Extracellular detection of active membrane currents in
the neuron--electrode interface},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {115},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {211--221},
ABSTRACT = {Although measurement of sealing resistance is an
important tool in the assessment of the electrical
contacts between cultured cells and substrate embedded
microelectrodes, it does not offer information about
the type of cell, i.e. neuron or non-neuronal cell.
Also, rules for translation of a measured sealing
resistance into parameters for successful stimulation,
i.e. eliciting an action potential, are not available
yet. Therefore, a method is proposed for the detection
of active membrane currents, elicited by extracellular
current stimulation. The method is based on the
prediction of the linear part of the response to an
applied stimulus current pulse using an impedance model
of the neuron--electrode contact. Active membrane
currents are detected in the nonlinear response, which
is obtained by subtraction of the predicted linear
response from the measured response. The required
impedance model parameters are extracted from impedance
spectroscopy or directly from the measured responses.},
KEYWORDS = {Neuron--electrode contact; Extracellular stimulation;
Impedance spectroscopy; Sealing resistance; Cultured
neurons; Microelectrode arrays },
MONTH = APR,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Buitenweg_JNM_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Gray_JSSC_1982,
AUTHOR = {Paul R. Gray and Robert G. Meyer},
TITLE = {{MOS} Operational Amplifier Design---A Tutorial
Overview},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {17},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {969--982},
ABSTRACT = { Presents an overview of current design techniques for
operational amplifiers implemented in CMOS and NMOS
technology at a tutorial level. Primary emphasis is
placed on CMOS amplifiers because of their more
widespread use. Factors affecting voltage gain, input
noise, offsets, common mode and power supply rejection,
power dissipation, and transient response are
considered for the traditional bipolar-derived
two-stage architecture. Alternative circuit approaches
for optimization of particular performance aspects are
summarized, and examples are given.},
KEYWORDS = { Electron device noise Field effect integrated
circuits Linear integrated circuits Linear network
synthesis Operational amplifiers electron device noise
field effect integrated circuits linear integrated
circuits linear network synthesis operational
amplifiers},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Gray_JSSC_1982.pdf},
YEAR = 1982
}
@ARTICLE{Bierer_Neurocomp_1999,
AUTHOR = {Steven M. Bierer and David J. Anderson},
TITLE = {Multi-channel spike detection and sorting using an
array processing technique},
JOURNAL = {Neurocomputing},
VOLUME = {26--27},
PAGES = {947--956},
ABSTRACT = {In many brain regions, high levels of background
activity can obscure action potentials of neurons close
to a recording electrode, particularly in the presence
of a stimulus. As recorded on a multi-channel electrode
array, this neural noise appears to be highly
correlated among the channels. We have developed an
array processing technique to remove the correlated
component of noise, improving the signal-to-noise
ratio. In addition, we show that the weighting vector
of the array algorithm can be manipulated to facilitate
sorting of the action potentials. An example of the
technique applied to the guinea pig cochlear nucleus is
shown.},
KEYWORDS = {Spike sorting; Signal processing; Silicon
micro-electrode; Tetrode; Electrophysiology},
MONTH = JUN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSpike_Sorting/Bierer_Neurocomp_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{DeMarco_JSSC_2003,
AUTHOR = {Stephen C. D{eMarco} and Wentai Liu and Praveen R.
Singh and Gianluca Lazzi and Mark S. Humayun and James
D. Weiland},
TITLE = {An arbitrary waveform stimulus circuit for visual
prostheses using a low-area multibias {DAC}},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {38},
NUMBER = {10},
PAGES = {1679--1690},
ABSTRACT = {Attempts are underway to construct a retinal
prosthesis to recover limited vision for blind patients
with retinitis pigmentosa using implantable electronic
devices. These microchips provide electrical
stimulation to damaged retinal tissues using an array
of stimulus circuits. This paper describes improvements
to conventional circuit designs with significantly
decreased implementation area and the ability to
support arbitrary stimulus waveforms where an array of
such stimulus circuits is required. This yields greater
spatial resolution in stimulation owing to more
stimulus circuits per chip area. Also introduced are
digital-to-analog converter gain prescalar and
dc-offset circuits which tune the stimulus circuits to
an optimally effective range due to variation in
retinal degradation. The prototype chip was fabricated
by MOSIS in $1.2~\mu m$ CMOS technology.},
KEYWORDS = { CMOS integrated circuits biomedical electronics
digital-analogue conversion prescalers sensory aids 1.2
micron CMOS microchip DC offset circuit age-related
macular degeneration blind patient circuit design
electrical stimulation implantable electronic device
multibias digital-to-analog converter gain prescalar
retinal tissue retinitis pigmentosa stimulus circuit
array visual prosthesis},
MONTH = OCT,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Stimulation/DeMarco_JSSC_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Jimbo_Bioelectrochem_2000,
AUTHOR = {Y. Jimbo and H. P. C. Robinson},
TITLE = {Propagation of spontaneous synchronized activity in
cortical slice cultures recorded by planar electrode
arrays},
JOURNAL = {Bioelectrochemistry},
VOLUME = {51},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {107--115},
ABSTRACT = {The spatial propagation of synchronized activity in
cortical slice cultures was characterized by multi-site
extracellular recording. Spontaneous activity was
studied in normal culture medium, and in bicuculline-
or kainic acid-containing media. A common feature in
all these conditions was that activity was generated
first in superficial layers (i.e., layer I/II) before
spreading over the whole area of the slice. In culture
medium or bicuculline-containing medium, the initiation
site of the activity was not constant and showed a
large variety of patterns of horizontal propagation.
Kainic acid induced epileptiform activity, consisting
of intense initial bursts followed by repetitive
after-discharges. Though the patterns of spatial
propagation of the bursts were variable as in the other
conditions, the after-discharges followed a constant
path. Cross-correlation analysis indicated that the
network moved in a graded fashion to a steady state
during the sequence of after-discharges.},
KEYWORDS = {Planar electrode arrays; Synchronized activity;
Cortical slice cultures },
MONTH = JUN,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Jimbo_Bioelectrochem_2000.pdf},
YEAR = 2000
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Himmelbauer_MW_1997,
AUTHOR = {W. Himmelbauer and A. G. Andreou},
TITLE = {Log-domain circuits in subthreshold {MOS}},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems},
VOLUME = {1},
PAGES = {26--30},
ADDRESS = {Sacramento, {CA}},
ABSTRACT = {This paper considers compact, large singal linear,
log-domain circuits that exploit the translinear
characteristics of MOS transistors in weak inversion
for low power applications in the audio frequency
range. We synthesize a single pole log-domain lowpass
filter from its state space description and extend the
circuit topology to implement a two pole bandpass.
Experimental results from a custom fabricated $2~\mu m$
CMOS chip are presented that confirm circuit
funcionality and tunability.},
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Log-Domain_Filtering/Himmelbauer_MW_1997.pdf},
YEAR = 1997
}
@ARTICLE{Martinoia_BME_2004,
AUTHOR = {Sergio Martinoia and Paolo Massobrio and Marco Bove
and Giuseppe Massobrio},
TITLE = {Cultured Neurons Coupled to Microelectrode Arrays:
Circuit Models, Simulations and Experimental Data},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {51},
NUMBER = {5},
PAGES = {859--864},
ABSTRACT = {The purpose of this paper is to characterize the
neuron-microelectrode junction, based on the equivalent
electric-circuit approach. As a result, recording of
action potentials can be simulated with a
general-purpose circuit simulation program such as
HSPICE. The response of the microelectrode was analyzed
as a function of parameters such as sealing resistance
and adhesion conditions. The models of the neuron and
microelectrode implemented in HSPICE were first
described. These models were used to simulate the
behavior of the junction between a patch of neuronal
membrane (described by the compartmental model) and a
microelectrode.},
KEYWORDS = { Circuit model Hspice simulation extracellular
recording microelectrode neuro-electronic junction
neurons},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Martinoia_BME_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@ARTICLE{Gray_JNM_1995,
AUTHOR = {Charles M. Gray and Pedro E. Maldonado and Mathew
Wilson and Bruce McNaughton},
TITLE = {Tetrodes markedly improve the reliability and yield of
multiple single-unit isolation from multi-unit
recordings in cat striate cortex},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {63},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {43--54},
ABSTRACT = {The majority of techniques for separating multiple
single-unit spike trains from a multi-unit recording
rely on the assumption that different cells exhibit
action potentials having unique amplitudes and
waveforms. When this assumption fails, due to the
similarity of spike shape among different cels or to
the presence of complex spikes with declining
intra-burst amplitude, these methods lead to errors in
classification. In an effort to avoid these errors, the
stereotrode (McNaugton et al., 1983) and later the
tetrode (O'Keefe and Reece, 1993l Wilson and
McNaughton, 1993) recording techniques were developed.
Because the altter technique has been applied primarily
to the hippocampus, we sought to evaluate its
performance in the neocortex. Multi-unit recordings,
wising single tetrodes, were made at 28 sites in area
17 of 3 anesthetized cats. Neurons were activated with
moving bars and square wave gratings. Single units were
separated by components of the waveforms recorded on
each channel. Using tetrodes, we recorded a total of
154 single cells (mean = 5.4, max = 9). By
cross-checking the performance of the tetrode with the
stereotrode and electrode, we found that the best of
the 6 possible stereotrode pairs and the best of 4
possible electrodes from each tetrode yielded 102 (mean
= 3.6, max = 7) and 95 (mean =3.4, max = 6) cells,
respectively. Moreover, we found that the number of
cells isolated at each site by the tetrode was greater
than the stereoftrode or electrode in 16/28 and 28/28
cases, respectively. Thus, both stereotrodes, and
particularly electrodes, often lumped 2 or more cells
in a single cluster that could be easily separated by
the tetrode. We conclude that the tetrode recording
currently provides the best and most reliable method
for the isolation of multiple single units in the
neocortex using a single probe.},
KEYWORDS = {Multi-unit recording; Visual cortex, area 17; Spike
detection; Principal components analysis},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Gray_JNM_1995.pdf},
YEAR = 1995
}
@ARTICLE{Tsividis_ElectronLett_1990,
AUTHOR = {Y. P. Tsividis and V. Gopinathan and L. T{\'{o}th}},
TITLE = {Companding in Signal Processing},
JOURNAL = {Electron. Lett.},
VOLUME = {26},
NUMBER = {17},
PAGES = {1331--1332},
ABSTRACT = {The authors consider the use in signal processing of
noise reduction techniques such as syllabic companding
(compressing and expanding), developed for transmission
and storage. Applications discussed include increasing
selectivity in single sinusoid detection. Whether or
not companding will be useful in a given filtering
application depends on the type and response of the
filter and the type of signals present at the input.},
KEYWORDS = {compandors filtering and prediction theory
interference suppression signal processing speech
analysis and processing companding filtering noise
reduction techniques selectivity signal processing
single sinusoid detection speech signals syllabic
companding},
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Log-Domain_Filtering/Tsividis_ElectronLett_1990.pdf},
YEAR = 1990
}
@ARTICLE{Bai_BME_2001,
AUTHOR = {Qing Bai and Kensall D. Wise},
TITLE = {Single-unit neural recording with active
microelectrode arrays},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {48},
NUMBER = {8},
PAGES = {911--920},
ABSTRACT = {Discusses the single-unit recording characteristics of
microelectrode arrays containing on-chip signal
processing circuitry. Probes buffered using on-chip
unity-gain operational amplifiers provide an output
resistance of $200~\Omega$ with an input-referred noise
of $11~\mu V$ root-mean-square (rms) (100~Hz--10~kHz).
Simultaneous in vivo recordings from single neurons
using buffered and unbuffered (passive) iridium
recording sites separated by less than 20~um have shown
that the use of on-chip circuitry does not
significantly degrade system noise. Single-unit neural
activity has also been studied using probes containing
closed-loop preamplifiers having a voltage gain of
40~dB and a bandwidth of 13~kHz, and several input
dc-baseline stabilization techniques have been
evaluated. Low-noise in vivo recordings with a
multiplexed probe have been demonstrated for the first
time using an external asymmetrical clock running at
200~kHz. The multiplexed system adds less than $8~\mu
V_{rms}$ of noise to the recorded signals, suppressing
the 5-V clock transitions to less than 2~ppm.},
KEYWORDS = {bioelectric potentials biomedical electrodes
biomedical electronics microelectrodes micromechanical
devices neurophysiology operational amplifiers
preamplifiers probes 100 Hz to 10 kHz 11 muV 13 kHz 20
mum 200 kHz 200 ohm 5 V 8 muV Ir active microelectrode
arrays clock transitions suppression input debaseline
stabilization techniques input-referred noise
multiplexed probe on-chip signal processing circuitry
on-chip unity-gain operational amplifiers recorded
signals simultaneous in vivo recordings single-unit
neural recording },
MONTH = AUG,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Bai_BME_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@MISC{Böhringer,
AUTHOR = {Karl F. B{\"ohringer}},
TITLE = {SURFACE MODIFICATION AND MODULATION IN
MICROSTRUCTURES: CONTROLLING PROTEIN ADSORPTION,
MONOLAYER DESORPTION, AND MICRO-SELF-ASSEMBLY},
ABSTRACT = {The surface-to-volume ratio increases with decreasing
scale, thus, controlling and changing the surface
properties of microstructures can be a powerful tool in
the design, fabrication, and use of microsystems. This
paper overviews several recent projects that utilize
the modulation of surfaces from hydrophobic to
hydrophilic and vice versa, or from protein adsorbing
to non-fouling, with applications in biomedical
microdevices and self-assembling microelectromechanical
systems (MEMS).},
KEYWORDS = {surface modification, self-assembled monolayer,
hydrophobic, hydrophilic, protein adsorption,
biofouling, self-assembly, MEMS.},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTHOWPUBLISHED = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
OPTYEAR = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesNon-fouling_coatings/Surface modification
and modulation in microstructures.pdf}
}
@ARTICLE{Pancrazio_Biosens_1998,
AUTHOR = {Joseph J. Pancrazio and Bey, Jr, Paul P. and Arash
Loloee and SubbaRao Manne and Hui-Chuan Chao and Lorn
L. Howard and W. Milton Gosney and David A. Borkholder
and Gregory T. A. Kovacs and Patricia Manos and David
S. Cuttino and David A. Stenger},
TITLE = {Description and demonstration of a {CMOS}
amplifier-based-system with measurement and stimulation
capability for bioelectrical signal transduction},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
VOLUME = {13},
NUMBER = {9},
PAGES = {971--979},
ABSTRACT = {An extracellular recording system incorporating an
electrode array and an amplifier/stimulator CMOS chip
is described and characterized. Important features of
this custom VLSI chip include 16 instrumentation
amplifiers with a gain of 50 and the incorporation of a
cross-point array allowing designation of an
extracellular microelectrode as either a stimulator or
sensor. The planar array consisted of 32
microelectrodes, 14~mm in diameter, and four larger
reference electrodes. Microelectrodes, interconnecting
traces, and bond pads were patterned with a 500-nm
layer of gold. The interconnecting traces were
passivated with a 1-mm thick layer of silicon nitride
to provide chemical and electrical insulation and
microelectrode impedance was lowered utilizing
electrode position of platinum black. The amplifier
exhibited a nearly flat frequency response with high
pass and low pass corner frequencies of 0.7~Hz and
50~kHz, respectively. The input referred noise over the
50~kHz bandwidth was 12--$16~\mu V_{rms}$, well below
the magnitude of previously reported extracellular
potentials. Crosstalk between neighboring channels
resulted in an output signal below the amplifier noise
level, even for relatively large extracellular
potentials. Using this system, extracellular recordings
were demonstrated yielding typical peak-to-peak
biopotentials of magnitude 0.9--2.1~mV and 100--400~mV
for chick cardiac myocytes and rat spinal cord neurons,
respectively. The key components of this extracellular
recording system can be manufactured using industry
standard thin film photolithographic techniques.},
KEYWORDS = {Amplifier; Cardiac myocytes; CMOS; Extracellular
recording; Spinal cord neurons},
MONTH = OCT,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Pancrazio_Biosens_1998.pdf},
YEAR = 1998
}
@ARTICLE{Heer_BiosensBioelec_2004,
AUTHOR = {F. Heer and W. Franks and A. Blau and S. Taschini and
C. Ziegler and A. Hierlemann and H. Baltes},
TITLE = {{CMOS} microelectrode array for the monitoring of
electrogenic cells},
JOURNAL = {Biosens. Bioelectron.},
NOTE = {In Press},
ABSTRACT = {Signal degradation and an array size dictated by the
number of available interconnects are the two main
limitations inherent to standalone microelectrode
arrays (MEAs). A new biochip consisting of an array of
microelectrodes with fully-integrated analog and
digital circuitry realized in an industrial CMOS
process addresses these issues. The device is capable
of on-chip signal filtering for improved
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), on-chip analog and digital
conversion, and multiplexing, thereby facilitating
simultaneous stimulation and recording of electrogenic
cell activity. The designed electrode pitch of $250~\mu
m$ significantly limits the space available for
circuitry: a repeated unit of circuitry associated with
each electrode comprises a stimulation buffer and a
bandpass filter for readout. The bandpass filter has
corner frequencies of 100~Hz and 50~kHz, and a gain of
1000. Stimulation voltages are generated from an 8-bit
digital signal and converted to an analog signal at a
frequency of 120~kHz. Functionality of the read-out
circuitry is demonstrated by the measurement of
cardiomyocyte activity. The microelectrode is realized
in a shifted design for flexibility and
biocompatibility. Several microelectrode materials
(platinum, platinum black and titanium nitride) have
been electrically characterized. An equivalent circuit
model, where each parameter represents a macroscopic
physical quantity contributing to the interface
impedance, has been successfully fitted to experimental
results.},
KEYWORDS = {Author Keywords: Microelectrode array; CMOS;
Electrogenic cells; Cardiomyocites; Cell-based
biosensor; Impedance},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNUMBER = {},
OPTPAGES = {},
OPTVOLUME = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Heer_BiosensBioelec_2004.pdf},
YEAR = 2004
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Favia_CIP_2001,
AUTHOR = {Pietro Favia and Riccardo d'Agostino},
TITLE = {Plasma processed surfaces for biomedical devices:
{PEO}-like, {Ag/PEO}-like, --{COOH} functional and
micro-patterned coatings},
BOOKTITLE = {CIP 2001},
ABSTRACT = {Plasma deposition and treatment processes, of interest
for different applications in the field of biomaterial
surfaces, are briefly reviewed in this paper. In
particular, details are given on processes developed in
our laboratory, namely: the deposition of non fouling
(PEO-like) and bacterial resistant (Ag/PEO-like)
coatings, that of --COOH functional coatings, and
combined processes utilized for obtaining
micro-patterned polymer surfaces.},
OPTADDRESS = {},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTCROSSREF = {},
OPTEDITOR = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
OPTNUMBER = {},
OPTORGANIZATION = {},
OPTPAGES = {},
OPTPUBLISHER = {},
OPTSERIES = {},
OPTVOLUME = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesNon-fouling_coatings/Plasma processed
surfaces for biomedical devices.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@ARTICLE{Obeid_BME_2003,
AUTHOR = {Iyad Obeid and James C. Morizio and Karen A. Moxon and
Miguel A. L. Nicolelis and Patrick D. Wolf},
TITLE = {Two multichannel integrated circuits for neural
recording and signal processing},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
VOLUME = {50},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {255--258},
ABSTRACT = {We have developed, manufactured, and tested two analog
CMOS integrated circuit ``neurochips'' for recording
from arrays of densely packed neural electrodes.
Device~A is a 16-channel buffer consisting of parallel
noninverting amplifiers with a gain of 2~V/V. Device~B
is a 16-channel two-stage analog signal processor with
differential amplification and high-pass filtering. It
features selectable gains of 250 and 500~V/V as well as
reference channel selection. The resulting amplifiers
on Device A had a mean gain of 1.99~V/V with an
equivalent input noise of $10~\mu V_{rms}$. Those on
Device~B had mean gains of 53.4 and 47.4~dB with a
high-pass filter pole at 211~Hz and an equivalent input
noise of $4.4~\mu V_{rms}$. Both devices were tested in
vivo with electrode arrays implanted in the
somatosensory cortex.},
KEYWORDS = {CMOS analogue integrated circuits amplifiers
arrays biomedical electrodes biomedical
electronics high-pass filters medical signal
processing neurophysiology prosthetics
somatosensory phenomena 1.99 V 10 muV 16-channel
two-stage analog signal processor 211 Hz 4.4 muV
47.4 dB 53.4 dB artificial devices interfacing with
brain differential amplification high-pass
filtering multichannel integrated circuits neural
amplifier neural recording neural signal
processing neurochip neuroprosthetics},
MONTH = FEB,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Obeid_BME_2003.pdf},
YEAR = 2003
}
@ARTICLE{Fox_CASII_1998,
AUTHOR = {Robert M. Fox},
TITLE = {Design-Oriented Analysis of Log-Domain Circuits},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Circuits Syst. {II}},
VOLUME = {45},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {918--921},
ABSTRACT = {A simple change in the form of the state variables
clarifies previously published analyses of log-domain
circuits. The change highlights the role of bias
currents and leads to a simple design procedure based
an self-contained building blocks. A new nonlinear
equivalent circuit is presented fur the building blocks
with a topology that emphasizes the applicability of
small-signal analysis for log-domain circuits. The
nonlinear equivalent circuit suggests a novel
single-ended inverting cell that works at very low
supply voltage VDD and dues not require p-n-p
transistors.},
KEYWORDS = {active filters equivalent circuits nonlinear network
synthesis bias current building blocks design-oriented
analysis log-domain circuit nonlinear equivalent
circuit single-ended inverting cell small-signal
analysis state variables topology},
MONTH = JUL,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Log-Domain_Filtering/Fox_CASII_1998.pdf},
YEAR = 1998
}
@ARTICLE{Rutten_IEEE_2001,
AUTHOR = {Wim Rutten and Jean-Marie Mouveroux and Jan Buitenweg
and Ciska Heida and Teun Ruardij and Enrico Marani and
Egbert Lakke},
TITLE = {Neuroelectronic Interfacing with cultured
multielectrode arrays toward a cultured probe},
JOURNAL = {Proc. {IEEE}},
VOLUME = {89},
NUMBER = {7},
PAGES = {1013-1029},
ABSTRACT = {Efficient and selective electrical stimulation and
recording of neural activity in peripheral, spinal, or
central pathways requires multielectrode arrays at
micrometer scale. ``Cultured probe'' devices are being
developed, i.e., cell-cultured planar multielectrode
arrays (MEAs). They may enhance efficiency and
selectivity because neural cells have been grown over
and around each electrode site as electrode-specific
local networks. If, after implantation, collateral
sprouts branch from a motor fiber (ventral horn area)
and if they can be guided and contacted to each
``host'' network, a very selective and efficient
interface will result. Four basic aspects of the design
and development of a cultured probe, coated with rat
cortical or dorsal root ganglion neurons, are
described. First, the importance of optimization of the
cell-electrode contact is presented. It turns out that
impedance spectroscopy, and detailed modeling of the
electrode-cell interface, is a very helpful technique,
which shows whether a cell is covering an electrode and
how strong the sealing is. Second, the
dielectrophoretic trapping method directs cells
efficiently to desired spots on the substrate, and
cells remain viable after the treatment. The number of
cells trapped is dependent on the electric field
parameters and the occurrence of a secondary force, a
fluid flow (as a result of field-induced heating). It
was found that the viability of trapped cortical cells
was not influenced by the electric field. Third, cells
must adhere to the surface of the substrate and form
networks, which are locally confined, to one electrode
site. For that, chemical modification of the substrate
and electrode areas with various coatings, such as
polyethyleneimine (PEI) and fluorocarbon monolayers
promotes or inhibits adhesion of cells. Finally, it is
shown how PEI patterning, by a stamping technique,
successfully guides outgrowth of collaterals from a
neonatal rat lumbar spinal cord explant, after six days
in culture},
KEYWORDS = { biomedical electrodes biomedical electronics cellular
biophysics electrophoresis neuromuscular stimulation
prosthetics FES cellular engineering central pathways
chemical modification collateral sprouts cultured
multielectrode arrays cultured probe dielectrophoretic
trapping method dorsal root ganglion neurons
electrode-specific local networks impedance
spectroscopy neural activity recording neuroelectronic
interfacing peripheral pathways planar multielectrode
arrays polyethyleneimine patterning rat cortical
neurons secondary force selective electrical
stimulation spinal pathways},
MONTH = JUL,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Rutten_IEEE_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Bucher_P_ECS_2002,
AUTHOR = {Matthias Bucher and Dmitrios Kazazis and
F{ran\c{c}ois} Krummenacher and David Binkley and
Daniel Foty and Yannis Papananos},
TITLE = {Analysis of Transconductances at All Levels of
INversion in Deep Submicron {CMOS}},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. Int. Conf. Circuits and Systems},
VOLUME = {3},
PAGES = {1183--1186},
ABSTRACT = {This paper presents an in-depth analysis of
transconductances in CMOS for advanced analog IC
design. Transconductances in a $0.25~\mu m$ CMOS
technology have been measured over a large range of
geometries and bias conditions. Gate ($g_{mg}$), source
($g_{ms}$), drain ($g_{md}$) and bulk ($g_{mb}$)
transconductances are consistently normalized and
represented vs. inversion coefficient (IC) from very
weak to moderate and strong inversion. The ideal
transconductance behavior in particular in weak
inversion is analyzed via the analytical structure of
the EKV MOSFET model. The new EKV~3.0 MOSFET model
shows excellent abilities to correctly represent
transconductances at all levels of inversion and
channel lengths.},
KEYWORDS = { CMOS analogue integrated circuits MOSFET circuit CAD
integrated circuit design integrated circuit modelling
semiconductor device measurement semiconductor device
models 0.25 micron CMOS analog IC design EKV MOSFET
model MOSFET geometry/bias conditions MOSFET inversion
transconductance analysis channel lengths ideal
transconductance behavior inversion coefficient
inversion levels moderate inversion normalized
gate/source/drain/bulk transconductances strong
inversion transconductance measurement very weak
inversion},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesOther_Electronics/Bucher_P_ECS_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Wagenaar_JNM_2002,
AUTHOR = {D. A. Wagenaar and Steve M. Potter},
TITLE = {Real-time multi-channel stimulus artifact suppression
by local curve fitting},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {120},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {17--24},
ABSTRACT = {We describe an algorithm for suppression of
stimulation artifacts in extracellular micro-electrode
array (MEA) recordings. A model of the artifact based
on locally fitted cubic polynomials is subtracted from
the recording, yielding a flat baseline amenable to
spike detection by voltage thresholding. The algorithm,
SALPA, reduces the period after stimulation during
which action potentials cannot be detected by an order
of magnitude, to less than 2~ms. Our implementation is
fast enough to process 60-channel data sampled at
25~kHz in real-time on an inexpensive desktop PC. It
performs well on a wide range of artifact shapes
without re-tuning any parameters, because it accounts
for amplifier saturation explicitly and uses a
statistic to verify successful artifact suppression
immediately after the amplifiers become operational. We
demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness on recordings
from dense monolayer cultures of cortical neurons
obtained from rat embryos. SALPA opens up a previously
inaccessible window for studying transient neural
oscillations and precisely timed dynamics in
short-latency responses to electric stimulation.},
KEYWORDS = {Artifact suppression; Micro-electrode array;
Stimulation; Real-time; Local regression;
Multi-electrode array; MEA; Spikes},
MONTH = OCT,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesArtifact_Removal/Wagenaar_JNM_2002.pdf},
YEAR = 2002
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{Frey_ISCAS_1999,
AUTHOR = {Frey, Douglas},
TITLE = {On Instantaneous vs. syllabic companding in log domain
filters},
BOOKTITLE = {Proc. of the {IEEE} Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems},
VOLUME = {2},
PAGES = {672--676},
ADDRESS = {Orlando, FL},
ABSTRACT = {Companding is discussed as it concerns log domain
filters. Here, companding is assumed to be implemented
via modulation of additive biasing currents. From this
perspective, only class AB log domain filters are
considered ``instantaneously'' companding filters.
Furthermore, class A and class AB filters are seen to
be limiting cases of syllabically companding filter.},
KEYWORDS = {compandors filtering theory nonlinear filters additive
biasing currents class-A filters class-AB filters
instantaneous companding log domain filters modulation
syllabic companding},
MONTH = JUN,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Log-Domain_Filtering/Frey_ISCAS_1999.pdf},
YEAR = 1999
}
@ARTICLE{Pajkossy_ElectroanalChem_1994,
AUTHOR = {T{am\'{a}s} Pajkossy},
TITLE = {Impedance of rough capacitive electrodes},
JOURNAL = {J. Electroanal. Chem.},
VOLUME = {364},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {111--125},
ABSTRACT = {The impedance of solid electrodes in the absence of
faradaic reactions usually deviates from purely
capacitive behaviour. The widely accepted explanations
of this ``capacitance dispersion'' are based on the
assumption that owing to surface roughness, or
porosity, or spatially inhomogeneous capacitance
density, the current density along the surface is not
homogeneous, and thus capacitance dispersion is purely
of geometric origin. We show that this view is not
correct in the case of rough electrodes because
capacitance dispersion due to irregular geometry
appears at much higher frequencies than is usual in
electrochemical methodologies. We present impedance
spectra measured on platinum electrodes of various
roughnesses in aqueous solutions to demonstrate that
capacitance dispersion on rough electrodes is of
interfacial origin and is due to adsorption effects.
The old finding that the rougher the surface the larger
the capacitance dispersion, can be rationalized
alternatively in such a way that increasing roughness
may broaden the time constant distribution of
adsorption kinetics and may therefore increase the
capacitance dispersion.},
MONTH = JAN,
OPTKEY = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesElectrode_Modeling/Pajkossy_ElectroanalChem_1994.pdf},
YEAR = 1994
}
@ARTICLE{Shahaf_JNeurosci_2001,
AUTHOR = {Goded Shahaf and Shimon Marom},
TITLE = {Learning in Networks of Cortical Neurons},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci.},
VOLUME = {21},
NUMBER = {22},
PAGES = {8782--8788},
ABSTRACT = {The results presented here demonstrate selective
learning in a network of real cortical neurons. We
focally stimulate the network at a low frequency
(0.3--1~Hz) until a desired predefined response is
observed 50~±~10~msec after a stimulus, at which point
the stimulus is stopped for 5~min. Repeated cycles of
this procedure ultimately lead to the desired response
being directly elicited by the stimulus. By plotting
the number of stimuli required to achieve the target
response in each cycle, we are able to generate
learning curves. Presumably, the repetitive stimulation
is driving changes in the circuit, and we are selecting
for changes consistent with the predefined desired
response. To the best of our knowledge, this is the
first time learning of arbitrarily chosen tasks, in
networks composed of real cortical neurons, is
demonstrated outside of the body.},
KEYWORDS = {learning; multielectrode array; cultured neurons;
neural network; reward; drive reduction},
MONTH = NOV,
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Shahaf_JNeurosci_2001.pdf},
YEAR = 2001
}
@BOOK{Liu_2002,
AUTHOR = {Shih-Chii Liu and J{\"{o}rg} Kramer and Giacomo
Indiveri and Tobias D{elbr\"{u}ck} and Rodney Douglas},
TITLE = {Analog {VLSI}: Circuits and Principles},
PUBLISHER = {{MIT}},
YEAR = 2002
}
@ARTICLE{Jung_JVST_A_1998,
AUTHOR = {D. R. Jung and D. S. Cuttino and J. J. Pancrazio and
P. Manos and T. Cluster and R. S. Sathanoori and L. E.
Aloi and M. G. Coulombe and P. Bey and M. A. Czarnaski
and D. A. Borkholder and G. T. A. Kovacs and D. A.
Stenger and J. J. Hickman},
TITLE = {Cell-based sensor microelectrode array characterized
by imaging x-ray photoelectorn spectroscopy, scanning
electron microscopy, impedance measurements, and
extracellular recordings},
JOURNAL = {J. Vac. Sci. Technol. {A}},
VOLUME = {16},
NUMBER = {3},
PAGES = {1183--1188},
ABSTRACT = {A biosensor based on the extracellular recording of
action potentials from excitable cells via a planar
microelectrode array is being developed. The function
of the sensor is a function of both the cellular
response to environmental toxins and the coupling of
the cellular potentials to the microelectrodes in the
array. Because good electronic coupling between cell
and amplifier requires that the microelectrodes have
low impedance, the microelectrodes are electroplated
with platinum black and the arrays are characterized by
impedance measurements and by imaging using scanning
electron microscopy (DEM) and x-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS). SEM provides highly detailed images
of the shape and structure of well-formed deposits of
thickness on the order of $1~\mu m$ or more. XPS
reveals the presence of platinum deposits that are too
thin to be detected by SEM. Impedance measurements show
reductions in the electrical resistance at 100 Hz from
roughly $60~M\Omega$ or more $1~M\Omega$. The overall
electronic coupling of biopotentials to the
microelectrodes was demonstrated by recordings obtained
from beating rat myocytes and from rat spinal cord
cells.},
KEYWORDS = {micorelectrodes, arrays, biosensors, cell culture, X
ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron
microscopy, electric impedance measurement, bioelectric
potentials, platinum},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Jung_JVST_A_1998.pdf},
YEAR = 1998
}
@ARTICLE{Najafi_JSSC_1986,
AUTHOR = {Khalil Najafi and Kensall D. Wise},
TITLE = {An implantable multielectrode array with on-chip
signal processing},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} J. Solid-State Circuits},
VOLUME = {21},
NUMBER = {6},
PAGES = {1035--1044},
ABSTRACT = {This active probe can be used for the long-term
recording of extracellular neural biopotentials and as
a basis for closed-loop neural prostheses. The probe
incorporates on-chip circuitry for amplifying,
multiplexing, and buffering neural signals recorded
from ten recording electrodes spaced $100~\mu m$ apart.
It requires only three leads and operates from a single
5-V supply. On-chip self-test circuitry for testing
electrode impedance levels is provided. The on-chip
circuitry is fabricated in a die area of $1.3~mm^2$
using $6~\mu m$ LOCOS enhancement-depletion (E--D) NMOS
technology, and dissipates 5~mW of power. The probe is
4.7~mm long and 15~um thick, and has a shank which
tapers from $160~\mu m$ near the base to less than
$15~\mu m$ near the tip.},
KEYWORDS = {Bioelectric potentials Biomedical electronics
Biomedical equipment Field effect integrated circuits
Probes Prosthetics bioelectric potentials biomedical
electronics biomedical equipment field effect
integrated circuits probes prosthetics},
MONTH = DEC,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Najafi_JSSC_1986.pdf},
YEAR = 1986
}
@ARTICLE{Wichmann_JNM_2000,
AUTHOR = {Wichmann, Thomas},
TITLE = {A digital averaging method for removal of stimulus
artifacts in neurophysiologic experiments},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
VOLUME = {98},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {57--62},
ABSTRACT = {Stimulation artifacts can greatly complicate the
evaluation of short-latency responses in experiments in
which anterograde stimulation techniques are used to
investigate connections between different brain
regions. For an experiment involving recording of the
responses in the primate substantia nigra pars
reticulata to stimulation at various sites in the
striatum, a digital averaging technique was developed
for removing stimulation artifacts from traces of
neuronal signals. In the first of two stages of this
procedure, an estimate of the average stimulus artifact
is calculated from traces of multiple stimulations at
the same site. In the second step, the resulting
average stimulation artifact (after time- and
amplitude-optimization) is subtracted from individual
data segments that contain the artifact. The data
presented here demonstrate that this technique, applied
off-line, is highly effective in removing artifacts,
and uncovering neuronal potentials superimposed on the
artifact. Faster computers and optimized software may
make on-line application of this technique feasible.},
KEYWORDS = {Artifact removal; Digital averaging;
Electrophysiology; Stimulation; Filte},
MONTH = MAY,
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesArtifact_Removal/Wichmann_JNM_2000.pdf},
YEAR = 2000
}
@ARTICLE{Prime_JAmChemSoc_1993,
AUTHOR = {Kevin L. Prime and George M. Whitesides},
TITLE = {Adsorption of Proteins onto Surfaces Containing
End-Attached Oligo(ethylene oxide): A Model System
Using Self-Assembled Monolayers},
JOURNAL = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
VOLUME = {115},
NUMBER = {23},
PAGES = {10714--10721},
ABSTRACT = {This paper reports a study of the adsorption of four
proteins---fibrinogen, lysozyme, pyruvate kinase, and
RNAse A---to self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold.
The SAMs examined were derived from thiols of the
structure $HS(CH_2)_{10}R, where R was $CH_3$,
$CH_2OH$, and oligo(ethy1eneoxide). Monolayers that
contained a sufficiently large mole fraction of
alkanethiolate groups terminated in
oligo(ethy1eneoxide) chains resisted the kinetically
irreversible, nonspecific adsorption of all four
proteins. Longer chains of oligo(ethy1ene oxide) were
resistant at lower mole fractions in the monolayer.
Resistance to the adsorption of proteins increased with
the length of the oligo(ethy1ene oxide) chain: the
smallest mole fraction of chains that prevented
adsorption was proportional $n^{-0.4}$ to where $n$
represents the number of ethylene oxide units per
chain. Termination of the oligo(ethy1ene oxide) chains
with a methoxy group instead of a hydroxyl group had
little or no effect on the amount of protein adsorbed.
The amount of pyruvate kinase that adsorbed to mixed
SAMs containing hexa(ethy1ene oxide)-terminated chains
depended upon the temperature. When the mole fraction
of oligo(ethy1ene oxide) groups in the monolayer was
below the level needed to prevent adsorption, more
pyruvate kinase adsorbed to the monolayer at
$37~^{\circ}C$ than at $25~^{\circ}C$. No difference
was observed between adsorption at 25 and
$4~^{\circ}C$.},
OPTANNOTE = {},
OPTKEY = {},
OPTMONTH = {},
OPTNOTE = {},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesNon-fouling_coatings/Adsorption of proteins
onto surfaces containing end-attached oligo(etylene
oxide).pdf},
YEAR = 1993
}
@ARTICLE{Uranga_BME_2004,
AUTHOR = {Uranga, A. and Navarro, X. and Barniol, N.},
TITLE = {Integrated {CMOS} Amplifier for {ENG} Signal Recording},
JOURNAL = {{IEEE} Trans. Biomed. Eng.},
YEAR = 2004,
MONTH = DEC,
VOLUME = {51},
NUMBER = {12},
PAGES = {2188--2194},
ABSTRACT = { The development and in vivo test of a fully integrated differential CMOS
amplifier, implemented with standard 0.7-$mu m$CMOS technology (one poly, two
metals, self aligned twin-well CMOS process) intended to record extracellular
neural signals is described. In order to minimize the flicker noise generated
by the CMOS circuitry, a chopper technique has been chosen. The fabricated
amplifier has a gain of 74~dB, a bandwidth of 3~kHz, an input noise of
$6.6~nV/\left( Hz \right)^{0.5}$, a power dissipation of 1.3~mW, and the active
area is 2.7~$mm^2$. An ac coupling has been used to adapt the electrode to the
amplifier circuitry for the in vivo testing. Compound muscle action potentials,
motor unit action potentials, and compound nerve action potentials have been
recorded in acute experiments with rats, in order to validate the amplifier.},
KEYWORDS = { CMOS Chopper technique neural recording},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesAmplifiers/Uranga_BME_2004.pdf}
}
@ARTICLE{Chen_JNM_2004,
AUTHOR = {You-Yin Chen and Te-Son Kuo and Fu-Shan Jaw},
TITLE = {A laser micromachined probe for recording multiple field potentials in the thalamus},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
YEAR = 2004,
VOLUME = {139},
NUMBER = {1},
MONTH = OCT,
PAGES = {99--09},
ABSTRACT = {Multichannel recording provides integral information about electrical brain
activities at one instant in time. In this study, multielectrode probes were
fabricated to record the thalamic field potentials (FPs) responding to the
electrical stimulation of nerve at the rat tail. At first, the number of sweeps
used to form the evoked FP average and the spatial sampling density were determined
by using cross-correlation functions, which were then statistically analyzed.
The difference was significant at P<0.05, if the number of sweeps for averaging
was more than 50 and the spatial interval between two consecutive recording sites
was less than $50~\mu m$ in the anteroposterior, mediolateral and ventrodorsal
directions. The responsive area was distributed vertically in the thalamus
(ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus); therefore, the recording sites were
arranged in one linear array. Sixteen recording sites, which were $50~\mu m$
apart from each other, were distributed in the ventrodorsal direction. A 16--channel
silicon probe was fabricated by using a standard photolithography process and
laser micromachining techniques. The probe provides capabilities to record multiple
thalamic evoked FPs and multiunit activities simultaneously.},
KEYWORDS = {Field potential; Thalamus; Cross-correlation; Multielectrode probe; Laser micromachining},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesSystems/Chen_JNM_2004.pdf}
}
@ARTICLE{Masimore_JNM_2004,
AUTHOR = {B. Masimore and J. Kakalios and A.D. Redish},
TITLE = {Measuring fundamental frequencies in local field potentials},
JOURNAL = {J. Neurosci. Meth.},
YEAR = 2004,
VOLUME = {138},
NUMBER = {1--2},
PAGES = {97-105},
MONTH = SEP,
ABSTRACT = {Neural processes display rhythmic oscillations in local field potentials;
identification of their characteristic frequencies is complicated due to their highly
non-stationary nature. A simple technique, combining Fourier transforms and
correlation coefficients yields unambiguous determinations of the frequencies
without a priori filtering. This procedure also provides quantitative information
concerning interactions between frequencies. Fundamental frequencies in local
field potential data acquired from the hippocampus, cortex, and striatum from awake,
behaving rats were calculated using this technique. Characteristic frequencies
identified using this technique from hippocampus and cortex agreed with known
oscillations. Application to dorsal striatal local field potentials identified a
low-frequency theta component as well as a narrow gamma band oscillation at 50--55 Hz.},
KEYWORDS = {Fundamental frequency; Oscillation; Gamma rhythm; Theta rhythm; 1/f Noise; Hippocampus; Postsubiculum; Striatum},
PDF = {http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/neuro/brp/filecabinet/Literature/BibFilesCell_Culturing_and_Modeling/Masimore_JNM_2004.pdf}
}
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